Therapeutic use of adpase enhanced apyrases

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for design and therapeutic use of ADPase enhanced polypeptides, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods useful for preventing and reversing platelet aggregation and recruitment for the treatment and prevention of vascular disorders in mammals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/069,543 filed 28 Feb. 2005, now allowed, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of provisional application 60/548,344 filed 27 Feb. 2004. The contents of this document are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the design and use of certain ADPase enhanced apyrases for the prevention and or treatment of thrombotic or ischemic disorders.

BACKGROUND ART

Thrombosis is the formation, development, or existence of a blood clot or thrombus within the vascular system. This is a life saving event when occurs during hemorrhage and a life threatening event when it occurs at any other time. Occlusion of a blood vessel, caused by excessive platelet activation (by the stimulation of an agonist) and recruitment (leading to platelet aggregation and vessel occlusion), are the major contributing factors in clinical disorders such as stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and restenosis. Therefore, there is a great need to identify therapeutic strategies and compositions for the pharmacological neutralization of platelet reactivity (activation, recruitment, and aggregation).

Currently, several treatment strategies are available to deal with a thrombus formation and fall into two classes, pharmacological (protein based and small molecule bases) and mechanical (for example, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), bypass surgery, sonication). The pharmacological classes of treatments cover several therapeutic approaches such as: acting as anti-coagulants (for example, heparin and hirudin), thrombolytic agents (for example, tPA, pro-urokinase, and Streptokinase) or antiplatelet agents (for example, aspirin, ticlopidine, and clopidogel). However, their therapeutic utility is limited due to a significant risk of bleeding complications (Wardlaw, J. M., et al., Lancet (1997) 350:607-614). For example, in the United States, less than 2% of the patients with acute ischemic stroke can receive rtPA due to high intracranial hemorrhage risks (Chiu, D., et al., Stroke (1998) 29:18-22). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists such as ReoPro® (monoclonal antibody) have been used for PCI and are currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes and acute ischemic stroke. However, the inhibition of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors will interfere with platelet adhesion and clot retraction resulting in bleeding complications. Therefore, it is important to identify novel strategies for inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation that will cause minimal risks of bleeding.

During early stages of platelet activation, several agonist including ADP, Thromboxane A₂ and serotonin are released. Among these, ADP is the single most important platelet agonist and recruiting agent that is present in the thrombus microenvironment (Marcus, A. J. and Safier, L. B., FASEB J. (1993) 7:516-522). Part of the normal function of endothelial cells ability to maintain blood fluidity is the local generation of an enzyme with ectoapyrase (apyrase, ATP diphosphohydrolase, ATP-diphosphatase, Adenosine diphosphatase, ADPase, E-NTPDase, EC 3.6.1.5) activity such as CD39. CD39 is a constitutively expressed enzyme having apyrase activity that strongly inhibits platelet aggregation by rapidly metabolizing ADP released from activated platelets, thus terminating further platelet recruitment and aggregation. (Marcus, A. J., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:1351-1360; Gayle, R., et al., J. Clin. Invest (1998) 101:1851-1859). Several research studies have now established CD39 as the prime thromboregulator (Marcus, A. J., et al., supra; Kaczmarek, E., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:33116-33122). In addition, animal model studies indicate that administration of a soluble form of CD39 for treatment has significant clinical advantages over existing treatment regimes without the life threatening bleeding complications often associated with the current treatment strategies (PCT WO 01/11949; PCT WO 00/23459).

This invention is directed to the use of ADPase enhanced apyrases, useful for the inhibition of platelet activation and as a general thromboregulator useful for the treatment and prevention of stroke and other diseases involving thrombosis.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to methods to ameliorate or protect against thrombotic disorders by administering ADPase enhanced apyrases or soluble forms thereof. Also provided in the invention are methods of inhibition platelet aggregation by administration of a pharmaceutical composition of ADPase enhanced apyrases. ADPase enhanced apyrases are derived from, for example, CD39, CD39L1, CD39L2, CD39L3, CD39L4, and SCAN-1, that have, increased ADPase and ATPase activity that is increased, decreased or essentially constant or have decreased ATPase activity with no or minor change of ADPase activity. The ADPase enhanced apyrase may be in soluble form and may be supplied as a fusion protein. In one embodiment, the fused sequence targets the soluble ADPase enhanced apyrases to a thrombus.

Similarly, the nucleotide sequences encoding the above mentioned proteins are within the scope of the invention; in some instances, treatment can be effected by administering expression systems for these proteins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Multiple sequence alignment of known human CD39 family using ClustalW (which can be found on the web at: decypher.stanford.edu/index_by_algo.shtml). Apyrase conserved regions (ACR's) are highlighted.

FIG. 2. Scheme for some key structural features of CD39L3. The two transmembrane domains are labeled as TMD located at both the N- and C-termini. The five ACR's are labeled as 1 to 5. The putative N-glycosylation sites are marked with the corresponding residue numbers as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56) and labeled as N-G. Cysteines are also marked as triangles.

FIG. 3. Structure of the bases in nucleoside diphosphates. Possible hydrogen bond formation is illustrated with hydrogens involved in the binding from the base and the enzyme. A is for enzyme residual side chain of acceptor, D of donor.

FIG. 4. Structural interaction of rabbit actin with phosphates of ATP.

FIG. 5. Structural interaction of rabbit actin with phosphates of ATP.

FIG. 6. Structural interaction among rabbit actin, ATP and calcium (Ca⁺⁺).

FIG. 7. A graphic representation of the Igκ leader sequence with the introduced SrfI restriction enzyme used to translationally fuse the SmaI fragments comprising the respective apyrase genes. Proper post-translational processing of the signal peptide will introduce Asp-Ala-Pro-Gly to the N-terminus of the respective apyrase genes.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show ADPase activity of clot enhanced apyrases derived from CD39 or CD39L3: APT8429, APT9170, APT8272, APT9150, APT8742 and APT9124 (FIG. 8B) and the relative ADPase and ATPase activity of these and additional forms (FIG. 8A).

FIG. 9. Platelet aggregometer profiles of ADP induced human platelet aggregation. Platelets in platelet rich plasma (PRP) preincubated for 3 minutes at 37° C. were aggregated by the addition of (A) 1 μM, (B) 2 μM, (C) 5 μM or (D) 10μM ADP.

FIG. 10. Platelet aggregometer profiles of inhibition of ADP induced human platelet aggregation by ADPase enhanced apyrases. Platelet aggregation by 5 μM ADP was strongly inhibited by the added (A) 15 μg of APT8272, (B) 4 μg of APT8742 or (C) 1 μg of APT9124.

FIG. 11. Platelet aggregometer profiles of inhibition of ADP induced human platelet aggregation at different doses of APT9124. Platelet aggregation by 10 μM ADP was dose-dependently and very strongly inhibited, and traces returned to baseline by the added (A) 0.4 μg, (B) 1.2 μg, (C) 2 μg or (D) 6 μg of APT9124.

FIG. 12. ATPase induced potential pro-thrombotic effect and its neutralization by ADPase activity. Added 30 μM ATP hydrolyzed by ATPase activity to ADP that caused platelet aggregation followed by inhibition of ADPase activity hydrolyzed the ADP to AMP. Added apyrase are 15 μg of (A) APT8429, (B) APT8272, (C) APT8742 or (D) APT9124.

FIG. 13. Platelet aggregometer profiles of inhibition of ADP induced human platelet aggregation by 4 μg of APT9124 in the presence of ADP and ATP. (A) 10 μM ADP, (B) 10 μM ADP+10 μM ATP, (C) 10 μM ADP+50 μM ATP or (D) 10 μM ADP+100 μM ATP. Platelet aggregation from extra 300μ ATP after 5 minutes was also fully inhibited.

FIG. 14. Structural interactions of nucleotides with their biding proteins (A) GNP with human Ras protein, (B) GTPγS with rat GTP binding protein, (C) ADP with horseshoe arginine kinase and (D) ADP with yeast motor ATPase All the structures were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data (which can be found on the web at: rcsb.org/pdb/index.html).

FIG. 15. Multiple sequence alignment of human SCAN-1 with known apyrases of blood sucking insects (Phlebotomus and Cimex) and related rat enzyme using ClustalW.

FIG. 16. Paired sequence alignment of human SCAN-1 and Cimex apyrase using ClustalW.

FIG. 17. Nucleotidase activities of APT9198, APT9267, APT9275, APT9279, and APT9285 human SCAN-1 apyrases vs. 1 mM ATP, ADP, GDP, CDP and UDP.

FIG. 18. Nucleotidase activity of human CD39L4 (APT8214) vs. 200 μM of ADP and GDP.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hemostasis and Thromboregulation

The hemostatic process represents a series of physiological and biological processes that culminate in the arrest of hemorrhage from blood vessels that have been severed or mechanically traumatized. Hemostasis is accomplished by the action of multiple systems including endothelial cells, blood platelets, and plasma proteins of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation systems. Disorders in any or all of the systems can result in defective hemostasis or coagulation resulting in mild to severe hemorrhagic diathesis (Marcus, A. J. (1996) in: Ratnoff, O. D. and Forbes, C. D., eds., Disorders of Hemostasis, 3^(rd) ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 79-137). The efficiency of the hemostatic process serves as an agonist for unwanted activation of hemostasis and promotion of blood coagulation. This action results in the misdirected culmination of arterial or venous thrombosis at critical circulation sites such as the coronary or cerebral circulation systems.

Primary hemostatic events occur during interruption of blood vessel continuity by exposure of the subendothelial matrix and more specifically exposed collagen. The exposed collagen is an immediate attractor and agonist of circulating platelet cells (the keystone of the hemostatic arch) and von Willebrand's factor (vWF). During high sheer stress, occurring in small blood vessels or larger vessels with a partial occlusion, vWF plays an important role in generation of the platelet plug. Platelet recruitment is the critical step in the formation of a thrombus and ultimately results in the total occlusion of the vessel by the platelet thrombus. This recruitment is possible by the release of several factors by the platelet including ADP, thromboxane A₂, serotonin (5-HT), lysosomal enzymes and growth factors including platelet factor 4. Of these factors ADP has been established as the primary agonist for further platelet recruitment.

Excessive platelet activation and recruitment at site of vascular injury in the coronary, carotid, and peripheral arteries represents a major therapeutic challenge in cardiovascular medicine and results in various occlusive vascular diseases. These ischemic or thrombotic disorders encompass but are not limited to myocardial ischemia, stroke, lung embolism, unstable angina, peripheral vascular disorder, post-angioplasty stenosis and ischemia of other organs. Thromboregulation is defined as a group of processes by which circulating blood cells and cells of the blood vessel wall interact to regulate the formation and development of a thrombus. Thromboregulators are mainly responsible for maintaining blood fluidity and can be classified according to their chronological mode of action in relation to thrombin formation. They can prevent or reverse platelet accumulation, activate coagulation factors, and induce fibrin formation as a result of a hemostatic process. Early thromboregulators such as nitric oxide (NO), eicosanoids (prostacyclin, PGD₂) and ecto-ADPase (CD39) inhibit events preceding thrombus formation. Late thromboregulators such as antithrombin III, heparin proteoglycans, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), thrombomodulin-protein-C-protein S pathway, and fibrinolytic proteins exhibit effects after thrombin formation. Many of these defense systems can be overwhelmed by the agonistic activities resulting from vascular injury.

CD39 is a Key Thromboregulator in Humans

ADP is the most critical agonist of platelet aggregation present in the activated platelet releasates. Hydrolysis (metabolism or catabolism) of ADP to AMP by the action of the thromboregulatory ecto-ADPase (such as CD39) blocks further recruitment and activation of additional platelets to the thrombus site and effectively reverses the aggregation response and blocks further thrombus formation. CD39 (cluster of differentiation 39) is a cell surface molecule that is recognized by a cluster of monoclonal antibodies that are useful in distinguishing one class of lymphocytes from another. CD39 is a 510 amino acid peptide (also reported as a 517 amino acid peptide Genbank: gi: 21361569)) with a predicted mass of 57 kDa. However, CD39 displays a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa due to extensive N-glycosylation (Maliszewski, C. R., et al., J. Immunol. (1994) 153:3574). CD39 contains two hydrophobic transmembrane domains located at the N-terminus and C-terminus. Recently, a truncated form of CD39 resulting in a soluble peptide retaining the same nucleotidase activity as the wild type was produced by removing the hydrophobic transmembrane domains at both the N-terminus and C-terminus (Gayle, R. B., et al., J. Clin Invest. (1998) 191:1851). It has also been demonstrated that the soluble form of CD39 is capable of blocking ADP induced platelet aggregation and inhibit collagen-induced platelet reactivity in vitro. (Gayle, R. B., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:1851-1859). Animal model studies with CD39 null (CD39−/−) mice (prothrombotic phenotype) have also indicated that administration of the soluble form of CD39 is an effective therapeutic agent for thrombotic stroke. (Marcus, A. J., et al., Ital. Heart J. (2001) 2:824-830.) Hence, CD39 or CD39-like enzymes can be used to prevent or treat platelet-driven occlusive vascular diseases.

Human CD39 Apyrase Family

CD39 is a member of the E-NTPase protein family that hydrolyse either nucleoside 5′-triphosphates or both nucleoside 5′-tri- and diphosphates. Currently there are several vertebrate members of the E-NTPase gene family that are grouped according to their phylogenetic relationships. These include but are not limited to NTPDase1 (CD39) (Christoforidis, S., et al., Eur J Biochem (1995) 234:66-74; Kaczmarek, E., et al., J Biol Chem (1996) 271:33116-33122; Maliszewski, C. R., et al., J Immunol (1994) 153:3574-3583; Marcus, A. J., et al., J Clin Invest (1997) 99:1351-1360; Matsumoto, M., et al., FEBS Lett (1999) 453:335-340; Sévigny, J., et al., Biochim Biophys Acta (1997) 1334:73-88; Wang, T. F. and Guidotti, G., J Biol Chem (1996) 271:9898-9901), NTPDase2 (CD39L1) (Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Mamm Genome (1997) 8:668-672; Kegel, B., et al., Neuropharmacology (1997) 36:1189-1200; Kirley, T. L., J Biol Chem (1997) 272:1076-1081), NTPDase3 (CD39L3) (Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Genomics (1998) 50:357-367; Smith, T. M., and Kirley, T. L., Biochim Biophys Acta (1998) 1386:65-78), NTPDase (UDPase) (Wang, T. F., and Guidotti, G., J Biol Chem (1998) 273:11392-11399), NTPDase (CD39L4) (Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Mamm Genome (1997) 8:668-672; Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Genomics (1998) 50:357-367; Chadwick, B. P., et al., Mamm Genome (1998) 9:162-164; Mulero, J. J., et al., J Biol Chem (1999) 274:20064-20067), and NTPDase6 (CD39L2) (Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Mamm Genome (1997)₈: 668-672; Chadwick, B. P., and Frischauf, A. M., Genomics (1998) 50:357-367; Chadwick, B. P., et al., Mamm Genome (1998) 9:162-164). For example, CD39 hydrolyzes ATP and ADP at a molecular ratio of about 1:0.5. In contrast, CD39L1 has a strong preference for ATP with molecular ratio of ATP:ADP of 1:0.03. CD39L3 is a functional intermediate and reveals a molecular ratio of ATP:ADP of approximately 1:0.3. CD39L4 reveals highest activity with GDP as a substrate. CD39L2 and CD39L5 have the highest activity with UDP.

In addition the membrane topography of the currently known mammalian members of the E-NTPase family have been characterized. (Zimmermann, H., Tips (1999) 20:231-236). All members share five highly conserved sequence domains (apyrase conserved region, ACR) that presumably are relevant for their binding and catalytic activity (FIG. 1).

CD39L3 is an Isozyme of CD39

Among the known human CD39 family, CD39L3 is known as an ecto-apyrase (ecto-ATPDase) with biochemical activity between CD39 (ecto-ATDPase) and CD39L1 (ecto-ATPase). Smith and Kirley (Biochemica et Biophysica Acta (1998) 1386:65-78) determined CD39L3 is found primarily in human brain tissue.

Specifically CD39L3 is a 529 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 59132.42 Daltons. The isoelectric point of CD39L3 is 6.233. There are seven putative glycosylation sites and 13 cysteine residues. Based on SEQ. ID. NO: 56, the N-terminal 43 residues and C-terminal 44 residues are considered to be part of a transmembrane domain. The catalytic core of the enzyme roughly resides between amino acid 44 through amino acid 238 (FIG. 2).

ProtParam analysis shows that both CD39L3 and CD39 are composed of about 520 amino acids with the pI of about 6.0. CD39L3 and CD39 also share similar amino acid compositions to each other and common structural motifs including about 440 amino acid residues of the extracellular ATP/Dase portion that resides between the N- and C-terminal transmembrane regions. Although CD39L3 is found in chromosome 3 and CD39 in chromosome 10, their overall intron and exon structures are identical with 10 exons each.

Pairwise sequence alignment of CD39L3 and CD39 shows about 35% sequence identity. Although the overall sequence identity is low the key amino acid residues involved in catalysis, substrate binding and structural motifs are highly conserved. For example, the majority of the sequence identity between CD39L3 and CD39 can be accounted for conservation in the apyrase conserved regions (ACR's). ACR's determine the number of phosphates hydrolyzed from the phosphate binding site of the nucleotide substrates. In addition, key residues between ACR4 and ACR5 that specify base binding (for example, adenine) are conserved and residues for structure formation (such as Cys, Pro, and Gly) are also absolutely conserved.

Bioinformatics analysis suggests that CD39L3 is a brain specific isozyme or isoenzyme of CD39. Isozymes or isoenzymes may not have the same regulatory properties of their respective counterpart, but rather have adjusted their enzymatic properties to be optimal for the precise environment to which they are subjected. Northern blot studies showed CD39L3 is highly expressed in brain and kidney, while CD39 is expressed in placenta and spleen. The analysis suggests that expression of the isoenzyme CD39L3 in human brain complements the activity of CD39 as the key thromboregulator.

Additional Enzymes Useful in the present Invention

CD39 family members represent some of the best characterized apyrases. However, there are also other apyrase like families which are not homologous to the CD39 family with respect to their amino acid sequences, and it appears that these families are also evolutionarily unrelated to each other.

An apyrase (EC 3.6.1.5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) using two molecules of water (Reaction 1) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to AMP using one molecule of water (Reaction 2). There is no reported evidence for the further hydrolysis of AMP by apyrase enzymes. Certain apyrase enzymes also can hydrolyze other nucleoside triphosphate including but not limited to GTP, CTP, UTP, and other nucleoside diphosphates including but not limited to GDP, CDP, UDP with different degrees of the substrate preference. For all the hydrolysis reactions the apyrase enzyme requires either calcium or magnesium as co-substrate (Zimmerman, H., TIPS (1999) 20: 231-236).

Apyrase (EC 3.6.1.5)

ATP+2.H₂O→AMP+2 phosphate  (Reaction 1)

ADP+H₂O→AMP+phosphate  (Reaction 2)

In the human genome sequence, several putative apyrases have been reported based on protein sequence homology with known apyrases found in non-human species such as blood-sucking insects. For example, human soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase (SCAN gi: 20270339; SCAN-1 gi: 22218108; EC 3.6.1.6) (Smith, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2002) 406:105-115) has sequence homology with the bed bug Cimex lectularius apyrase (gi: 4185746) (Valenzuela, et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:30583-30590). Also the human 5′-nucleotidase (gi: 33520072; EC 3.1.3.5) has sequence homology with the mosquito Aedes aegypti apyrase (gi: 1703351) (Champagne, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:694-698). Still further, the human inositol polyphosphate 5′-phosphatase (gi: 346209; EC 3.1.3.56) has homology to the Rhodnius prolixus apyrase (gi: 1546841) (Sarkis, et al. Biochem. J. (1986) 233:885-891). Although they were annotated as apyrases based merely on the sequence alignment, many of the enzymes listed supra have insufficient activity for ATP and/or ADP hydrolysis. Therefore to fully utilize those human and non-human enzymes in the present invention as apyrases, protein engineering may be required to re-design their substrate specificity from other nucleotide (for example CTP, UTP, GTP, CDP, UDP, and GDP) to ADP and/or ATP and ADP.

Therefore we envision that following enzymes have potential activities of apyrases and are useful in the present invention.

Nucleoside-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.6)

NTP+H₂O→NDP+phosphate  (Reaction 3)

5′-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5)

5′-Ribonucleotide+H₂O→Ribonucleoside+phosphate  (Reaction 4)

Inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56)

D-Myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate+H₂O→Myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate+phosphate  (Reaction 5)

For example, for human SCAN-1 (gi: 22218108; EC 3.6.1.6) the enzymatic activity of UDPase, GDPase and IDPase was 20 to 30 fold higher than the ADPase activity (Km of 0.46 mM for GDP and 5.4 mM for ADP) (Smith, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2002) 406:105-115). Therefore it is unlikely that wild type human SCAN-1 can efficiently catalyze the conversion of micromolar range of ADP released from activated platelets under physiological conditions. Therefore one skilled in the art can effectively engineer, for example, an ADPase enhanced SCAN-1 apyrase by changing the substrate specificity of NDPases, more specifically, the base specificity of the nucleotides such as ADP. As illustrated in FIG. 3, for example, a common feature of the natural substrates of NDPases (for example UDP, GDP and IDP), is the cis peptide bond in their pyrimidine or purine ring and that is not present in poor substrates (for example ADP and CDP). Therefore one skilled in the art can identify the discrepancy in hydrogen bond formation between the bases of the nucleotides and the residues in enzyme active sites and can alter the identified enzyme residues to those favorable to forming hydrogen bonds with ADP. In another way the base specificity may also be altered by one skilled in the art by introducing different hydrophilic, hydrophobic or aromatic residues in the nucleotide binding pocket of the enzyme. Alternatively substrate specificity for ADP can be achieved by fusing or swapping certain domains or regions of human SCAN-1 with the appropriate counterpart of apyrase enzymes that naturally have the preferred ADPase activity (for example, Cimex lectularius apyrase (gi: 4185746)).

Besides altering base specificity, in the example of human SCAN-1, there are other intrinsic features (for example, pH optimum, protein half life, kinetic parameters) that may be necessary to gain full therapeutic effect under physiological conditions (for example in the human blood stream). In the kinetic study of human SCAN-1 (Murphy, et al., Biochemistry (2003) 42:2412-2421), the optimum pH for enzymatic activity was determined to be between pH 6 and pH 7 with an absolute requirement of calcium for activity. The enzyme kinetic behavior also represents a sigmoid curve indicating allosterism instead of a hyperbolic curve representing independent substrate binding. Therefore one skilled in the art can engineer enzymes, for example SCAN-1, with a preferred pH optimum such as pH 7.4 and without allosterism by rationally or randomly changing amino acid residues having different charge, polarity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, aromaticity or size. One can also envision adding or removing ligands or polypeptides to change the optimum pH and allosterism. One can further envision that poor activity under physiological condition can be overcome by improve kinetic parameters such as k_(cat)/Km by altering catalytic residues within the enzymes active site.

Other enzymes potentially useful in the present invention include wild type and engineered forms of enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of inorganic phosphate in phosphorous-containing anhydrides under group EC 3.6.1.-. More specifically, the following enzymes, as examples, can catalyze ATP and/or ADP hydrolysis to various degrees.

Adenosinetriphosphatase (aka ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3)

ATP+H₂O→ADP+phosphate  (Reaction 6)

Nucleoside-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.6)

NDP+H₂O→NMP+phosphate  (Reaction 7)

ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.8)

ATP+H₂O→AMP+diphosphate  (Reaction 8)

Nucleotide diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9)

Dinucleotide+H₂O→2 Mononucleotide  (Reaction 9)

Nucleoside-triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.15)

(See Reaction 3)

Nucleotide-triphosphate diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.19)

NTP+H₂O→NMP+diphosphate  (Reaction 10)

Guanosine-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.42)

GDP+H₂O→GMP+phosphate  (Reaction 11)

ADPase Enhanced Apyrases

The ADPase enhanced apyrases of the invention are modified forms of apyrases that occur in nature. The modifications are typically focused on positions in the native forms which are particularly critical for the catalytic activity. For illustrative purposes, an individual native apyrase may be modified by, for example, an amino acid substitution or deletion at a particular position in the amino acid sequence. Corresponding modifications can be made in the isoenzymes of the same family where the corresponding position is similarly modified. By “corresponding position” is meant the position which aligns with the reference position when the overall amino acid sequences are appropriately aligned to assure homology of at least consensus sequences. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the sequences of the members of the CD39 family as well as NTDase-4 are aligned and consensus sequences of the apyrase conserved regions (ACR's) are highlighted. As seen in FIG. 1, for example, position 184 of CD39 corresponds to position 168 of CD39L1, position 227 of CD39L2, position 185 of CD39L3, and so forth. Thus, successful modifications in an illustrative member of an isoenzyme family informs the design of corresponding modifications in other members of the same family or, as shown, other apyrases which can be aligned with the reference protein.

As used herein “isoenzyme” refers to an enzyme with similar activity to a reference enzyme which is sufficiently homologous in sequence that consensus sequences can be matched, in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 1.

Animal studies clearly demonstrated the promising therapeutic utility of intravenously injected solCD39 in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) by reducing thrombosis, neurological deficit and mortality (Pinsky, et al., J. Clin Invest. (2002) 109:1031-1040; Belayev, L., et al., Stroke (2003) 34:758-763). However, these particular studies only demonstrated that statistically significant benefits can be were observed with a dosage of 4 to 8 mg/kg. This dosage may create commercial barriers in terms of manufacturing cost, administration and safety. Effective strategies to overcome these commercial barriers may be to improve the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme or to improve the therapeutically effective activity (ADPase activity) of the enzyme. Effectively, ADPase enhanced apyrases are apyrases that have,

increased ADPase wherein the ATPase activity is increased, decreased or essentially constant as compared to the native apyrase, or may have

decreased ATPase activity with minor change of ADPase activity.

While all four types of ADPase enhanced apyrases may effectively overcome key commercial barriers in terms of dosage, embodiments with decreased ATPase activity may also have the added benefit of minimizing potential side effects due to systemic removal of ATP in, for example, circulating plasma. Several methods are available to alter the biochemical properties of proteins including, site directed mutagenesis (for example, domain swapping, amino acid deletion(s), amino acid insertion(s), or amino acid substitution(s)) and random mutagenesis (for example, error prone PCR, DNA shuffling, in vivo mutagenesis). Alterations to produce ADPase-enhanced apyrases typically involve the catalytically active region which, in the case of CD39L3 is between residues 44 and 238, and will reside in corresponding regions in other members of the C39 isoenzyme (or ecto-NTPase) family. The apyrase conserved regions (ACR's) (1-5) of these enzymes can be modified, in particular ACR1 and/or ACR4 as well as the region between ACR4 and ACR5. As noted in FIG. 1, these ACR's show enhanced homology among the members of the family and occur at what is defined as “corresponding” positions in each protein. Particular amino acids within these regions have also been identified as suitable candidates for substitution.

ADPases with Increased ADPase Activity

PSI-BLAST search suggests the E-NTPDases (for example CD39, CD39L1, CD39L2, CD39L3, CD39L4, and NTPDase4) are distantly related to a number of other ATP hydrolyzing proteins such as actin, HSP-70 and hexokinase. Both classes of enzyme hydrolyze nucleotide phosphates (for example (ATP and ADP) and require calcium as a cosubstrate. A large number of crystal structures have been solved for the ATP hydrolyzing class of enzymes but no crystal structures are currently available for the E-NTPDase family. For example, the crystal structure of rabbit actin shows that ADP and ATP is located in the cleft between two domains with a calcium ion bound to the β- or β- and γ-phosphates, respectively (Kabsch, W., et al., Nature (1990) 347:37-44). Based on the crystal structure information, the phosphate groups of ADP and ATP are involved in a large number of interactions (FIGS. 4, 5 and 6). For example, in the case of ATP binding, the ε-amino group of Lys18 of actin forms bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the O2-atom of the α-phosphate and the O1-atom of the β-phosphate. Additionally, the β- and γ-phosphates are involved in hydrogen bonds with amides of residues Ser14, Gly15, and Leu16 (FIG. 4) and residues Asp157, Gly158, Val159, (FIG. 5) respectively.

Although there is no overall sequence identity between actin and E-NTPases, it is possible to map the ACR I and ACR IV motifs onto the three-dimensional structure of rabbit actin (Table 1). Table 1 shows that those motifs (ACR I and ACR 4) correspond to highly conserved structural elements involved in β- and γ-nucleotide phosphate binding. The key binding residues Ser14 (candidate catalytic residue) and Asp11 and Asp154 (key residue involved in calcium binding (FIG. 6)) are highly conserved (underlined residues Table 1) throughout the entire class of enzymes indicating that the alignments can be confidently assigned to the known crystal structure for rabbit actin. Therefore one skilled in the art can identify key residues involved in ATP and ADP binding by sequence comparison among the super family members. Specifically residues indicated in Table 1 (bold residues) are key residues most likely involved in binding of ATP and ADP and amino acid substitutions at these positions are likely to result in improved affinity for ATP and ADP.

TABLE 1 Structure based sequence alignment of the actin/HSP70 superfamily Speci- Enzyme ficity ACR I ACR IV Rabbit ATP LVCDNGSGLVKAGFA GIVLDSGDGVTHNVP Actin Human ATP LVCDNGSGLVKAGFA GIVLDSGDGVTHNVP Actin Human ATP VGIDLGTTYSCVGVF VLIFDLGGGTFDVSI HSP70 NTPDase1 ATP/ADP IVLDAGSSHTSLYIY FGALDLGGASTQVTF (CD39) NTPDase2 ATP IVLDAGSSHTSMFIY LGAMDLGGASTQITF (CD39L1) NTPDase3 ATP/ADP IVLDAGSSRTTVYVY TGALDLGGASTQISF (CD39L3) NTPDase4 UDP IVVDCGSSGSRVFVY AGILDMGGVSTQIAY (UDPase) NTPDase5 UDP IMFDAGSTGTRIHVY VGTLDLGGASTQITF (CD39L4) NTPDase6 UDP IMFDAGSTGTRVHVF VGMLDLGGGSTQIAF (CD39L2)

ADPase with Reduced ATPase Activity

Enzymatic studies show that solCD39 hydrolyzes ATP two-fold more efficiently than ADP and the in vivo rates of ATP and ADP hydrolysis will be a function of their respective concentrations. Thus, when the concentration of ATP is high compared with ADP, net ADP formation occurs. This raises the possibility that intermediate ADP may further promote platelet aggregation (Birk, et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. (2002) 140:166-175). Hence, reducing ATPase activity of apyrases and retaining or enhancing the therapeutically beneficial ADPase activity may have greater potential for reversing platelet reactivity in prothrombotic states resulting in an improved safety profile.

Residues determining specificity of ATP and ADP can be identified by sequence comparison among apyrase family members. For example, two studies were conducted, both concluding the specificity determinants for nucleotide binding specificity are localized to the C-terminus of the protein and lie outside of ACR 4 and 5. The first study was conducted using rat NTPDase 1 and NTPDase 2 (Heine, P., et al., Eur J Biochem (2001) 268:364-373) and the second study was conducted using Toxoplasma nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases NTPase 1 and NTPase 3 (Nakaar, V., et al., Mol. Biochem. Parasito. (1998) 97:209-220). Therefore, domain swapping of the region between ACR 4 and ACR 5 remains a viable strategy to alter nucleotide phosphate binding specificity. Alternatively one could envision modifications such as insertions, substitutions, or deletions that could further alter the binding of the nucleotide tri-phosphate such as increasing the bulk of the pocket or introduce negative charged amino acids to repel the binding of the nucleotide triphosphate, for example ATP.

Utility of ADPase Enhanced Apyrases

Agents that regulate the process of thrombosis, especially platelet aggregation have potential utility in treating occlusive vascular diseases. Because ADP is the most important agonist of platelet aggregation, and is present in activated platelet releasate, an agent that metabolizes ADP is useful for treating disease involving inappropriate activation and aggregation of platelets. The present invention refers to the use of ADPase enhanced apyrases, more preferably the use of a biologically active soluble form of ADPase enhanced apyrases for the treatment and prevention of thrombotic disorders.

Examples of therapeutic uses of ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives include but are not limited to, for example, treatment of individuals who suffer from stroke, coronary artery disease or injury resulting from myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, embolism, preeclampsia, angioplasty, vessel injury, transplantation, neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, platelet-associated ischemic disorders including lung ischemia, coronary ischemia and cerebral ischemia, thrombotic disorders including, coronary artery thrombosis, cerebral artery thrombosis, intracardiac thrombosis, peripheral artery thrombosis, and venous thrombosis.

Other examples in which it would be useful to inhibit ADP induced platelet stimulation would be in individuals at high risk for thrombus formation or reformation including those at risk for advanced coronary artery diseases, and patients undergoing angioplasty procedures (including, for example, balloon, laser, or similar techniques), Inhibition of ADP induced platelet aggregation would be beneficial in patients undergoing surgery with high risks of thrombus formation, including, for example, organ transplantation, coronary bypass surgery, prosthetic valves or vessel transplantation. In addition, the ability of ADPase enhanced apyrases to inhibit platelet activation and recruitment is useful for treatment and or prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) and strokes due to vascular occlusion.

Antiplatelets are currently used for prevention of acute cardiac ischemic complications in angioplasty patients. Currently there are three marketed injectable antiplatelet drugs (GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors): Centocor and Lilly's Reopro® (abciximab), Merck's Aggrastat® (tirofiban) and Schering-Plough and Millenium's Integrilin® (eptifibatide). It has been demonstrated that the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors leads to substantial reductions in rates of urgent target vessel revascularization (Eisenberg, M. J., and Jamal, S., J Am Coll Cardiol (2003) 42:1-6). Alternatively, immunosuppressant can be coated on stent to provide antiproliferative benefits. Due to its potent antiplatelet effect and potential anti-inflammatory properties, the adjunction of apyrases to PCI may represent a highly competitive alternative to adjunctive use of antiplatelet agents or coated stents.

ADPase enhanced apyrases may be used to screen for inhibitors of the enzyme activity. Such inhibition may be competitive, uncompetitive, or noncompetitive inhibitions in the presence of the substrates ATP and ADP. Alternatively an inhibitor can inhibit ADPase enhanced apyrases by binding to allosteric sites. All these inhibitors can be analyzed with soluble ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives in the presence of substrate.

ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives may be used in clinical situations where the hydrolysis of ATP and/or ADP to AMP is clinically beneficent including disease states where ATP and/or ADP concentrations are abnormally high.

In addition, ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives may be administrated in combination with currently available antithrombotic or thrombolytic agents, such as heparin, aspirin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, and recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA).

ADPase Enhanced Apyrase Polypeptides

As used herein, the term “ADPase enhanced polypeptides” includes, homologs of, variants of, fragments of, and derivatives of ADPase enhanced apyrases, fusion polypeptides comprising ADPase enhanced apyrases, and soluble forms of ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptides. For example ADPase enhanced apyrases listed in Table 3 (Example 6).

The term “biological activity,” as used in herein, includes ADPase enhanced apyrase enzymatic activity as well as the ex vivo and in vivo activities of ADPase enhanced apyrases. Apyrases catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and/or di-phosphates, but a given apyrase may display different relative specificities for either nucleoside triphosphates or nucleoside diphosphates. Biological activity of soluble forms of ADPase enhanced apyrases may be determined, for example, in an ecto-nucleotidase or apyrase assay (e.g., ATPase or ADPase assays), or in an assay that measures inhibition of platelet aggregation. Exemplary assays are disclosed herein; those skilled in the art will appreciate that other, similar types of assays can be used to measure biological activity or enzymatic activity.

The key enzymatic activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases resides in the extracellular region; therefore one skilled in the art can effectively engineer a soluble form of ADPase enhanced apyrases by removing, for example, the transmembrane domains. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the CD39 family of isoenzymes constitute the transmembrane regions and deletion or alteration of one or both of these sequences results in soluble forms of the catalytically active protein. In CD39, the 37 amino acids at the N-terminus and 33 amino acids at the C-terminus are typically those representing transmembrane regions which should be removed or otherwise altered; for CD39L3 the N-terminal 43 amino acids and C-terminal 44 amino acids correspond to the transmembrane regions. The corresponding positions in the remaining members of the CD39 isoenzyme family are similarly deleted or otherwise altered to result in the soluble form of the protein. In CD39L4, the corresponding region at the N-terminus is the N-terminal 19 amino acids. One or both of the N-terminal or C-terminal regions are deleted to obtain the desired form.

Rather than deletion, one skilled in the art can effectively replace the amino acid residues comprising the hydrophobic transmembrane domains with amino acid residues such as, for example, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, asparagines, and glutamine that may effectively generate a soluble polypeptide. It is also envisioned that one skilled in the art will be able to generate permutations and combinations of ADPase enhanced apyrases that will effectively render the protein soluble and include but are not limit to deletions of transmembrane domains, substitutions of transmembrane domains, partial deletions or substitutions of transmembrane domains, or polypeptide fusions with proteins or amino acid sequence known in the art to be soluble. Soluble polypeptides are polypeptides being able to be secreted from the host cells in which they are expressed. A secreted soluble polypeptide can be identified (and distinguished from its non-soluble membrane-bound counterparts) by separating intact cells that expressed desired polypeptide from the culture medium, e.g., by centrifugation or filtration, and assaying the medium (supernatant or filtrate) for the presence of the desired polypeptide. The presence of the desired polypeptide in the medium indicates that the polypeptide was secreted from the host cells and therefore is a soluble form of the polypeptide. The use of soluble forms of ADPase enhanced apyrases is advantageous for many applications including but not limited to protein purification, biological reactions, therapeutics, and enzymatic reactions.

Also included within the scope of the invention are fusion polypeptides of ADPase enhanced apyrases and soluble biologically active derivatives that occur at the N-terminal domain, C-terminal domain, or both N-terminal and C-terminal domains. One normally skilled in the art can design fusion polypeptides with ADPase enhanced apyrases and soluble biologically active derivatives of ADPase enhanced apyrases to, for example, simplify protein purification, provide immunological tag, stabilize protein, increase translational efficiency, direct synthesized protein to a particular compartment in the cell, secrete the synthesized protein outside the cell, target the protein to a particular location or cell type, or region of the human or mammalian body, or alter tertiary and quaternary structure of the enzyme.

For example, several strategies are known in the art for generating fusion polypeptide to the N-terminal or C-terminal domains of ADPase enhanced apyrases to aid in the purification of CD39L3 peptides. Such peptides include, for example, poly-His (6XHIS), Glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), and FLAG® peptide. Such sequences may also be used for identification of expressed recombinant protein using antibodies or can be removed from the recombinant protein using specific protease cleavage sites.

As another example, a fusion polypeptide comprising ADPase enhanced apyrase and biologically active derivatives may contain a signal peptide (which is also variously referred to as a signal sequence, signal, leader peptide, leader sequence, or leader) which co-translationally or post-translationally directs transfer of the polypeptide from its site of synthesis to a site inside or outside of the cell membrane or cell wall. It is particularly advantageous to fuse a signal peptide that promotes extracellular secretion to the N-terminus of a soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide. In this case, the signal peptide is typically cleaved upon secretion of the soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase from the cell.

In another embodiment, one or more amino acids are added to the N-terminus of a soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide in order to improve the expression levels and/or stability of the ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide.

In another embodiment, a soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide is initially synthesized as a fusion polypeptide comprising: (a) a signal peptide that promotes extracellular secretion of the soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase from the cell, the signal peptide being cleaved upon secretion, (b) one or more amino acids added to the N-terminus of the soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide in order to improve expression levels and/or stability, and (c) a fragment of ADPase enhanced apyrase that possesses biological activity. It should also be noted that different expression hosts can process signal peptides differently, thus resulting in alterations and variations of the N-terminal or C-terminal domains. Therefore the present invention also includes variations in the sequence of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains.

It is further envisioned in the present invention that an ideal anti-platelet agent comprising natural or engineered biologically active ADPase enhanced apyrase be capable of hydrolyzing ADP at thrombus while sparing ADP at other natural clot sites. Another particularly useful class of fusion polypeptides includes those that allow localization or concentration of ADPase enhanced apyrase at a site of platelet activation and recruitment. Example of fusion polypeptides useful in the present invention for targeting the thrombus include but are not limited to; kringle 1 domain of tissue-type plasminogen activator (Runge, M. S., et al., Circulation (1989) 79:217-224; Haber, E., et al., Science (1989) 243:51-56); fusion of thrombus specific antibody; or addition of protein domain interacting with receptors specific to thrombus; such fusion polypeptides comprise a moiety that specifically binds activated platelets and ADPase enhanced apyrase, and can be prepared using recombinant DNA technology, or by using standard techniques for conjugation of polypeptides. For example, recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrase may also be chemically modified by adding, for example, ligands that specifically bind the thrombus.

Clot-specific apyrases can be designed to maximize the hydrolysis of ADP in the thrombus microenvironment while reducing the systemic reduction of ADP in circulating plasma. Specifically, ADPase enhanced apyrases can be targeted to clots by acquiring, for example, kringle domains that have specific fibrin-binding activity. Kringles are modular units found in a number of proteins that participate in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. These structural motifs contain approximately 80 amino acids with three intra-molecular disulfide bonds. The numbers of kringles domains also vary in these proteins. For example, a single kringle domain is found in urokinase-type plasminogen activator; two kringle domains are present in tissue-type plasminogen activator and prothrombin; four kringle domains are contained in hepacyte growth factor-like protein; five kringle domains are included in plasminogen; and as many as 41 kringle domains exist in apolipoprotein (Nilsen, S. L., et al., J Biol Chem (1999) 274:22380-22386). Hence, the fibrin binding ability of ADPase enhanced apyrases may be conferred by acquiring the from about one kringle domains to about 40 kringle domains. Clot-specific apyrase may deliver therapeutic benefits in a timelier manner. Furthermore, the concentration of ADPase enhanced apyrase activity at the clot site may also effectively lower the therapeutic dosage thus further reducing any potential side effects.

As another example, modification can be made by one skilled in the art that will alter the protein properties. For example, the primary amino acid sequence of ADPase enhanced apyrase and biologically active derivatives can be modified to, for example, remove or introduce glycosylation sites, remove or add regulatory properties to the enzyme, change the substrate specificity, change the catalytic activity, increase or decrease the pI of the enzyme, improve or reduce the enzyme stability or half-life (both shelf life and biologically active half-life), reduce the immunogenicity of the protein, alter the charge distribution of the protein, and remove or introduce requirements for cations (such as Ca²⁺) or metal ions. For example, stability of the enzymes can be improved by introducing di-sulfide bonds, pH optimum can be maximized for the enzymes target environment (for example physiological pH of human blood pH 7.4), still further the Km for calcium requirement of apyrase enzymes can also be optimized for the enzymes target environment.

For example, the present invention further includes soluble ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptides with or without associated native-pattern glycosylation. ADPase enhanced apyrase expressed in yeast or mammalian expression systems (e.g., HEK293, CHO, COS-7 cells) may be similar to or significantly different from a native ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide in molecular weight and glycosylation pattern, depending upon the choice of expression system. Expression of ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptides in bacterial expression systems, such as E. coli, provides non-glycosylated molecules.

All peptide modification to ADPase enhanced apyrase and biologically active derivatives can be combined with appropriate expression systems to generate optimal production and bioactivity of the ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide and its biologically active derivatives. Determination of kinetic parameters including ratio of ATPase/ADPase activity of soluble forms of ADPase enhanced apyrase or derivatives may be obtained. Additionally, antibodies specific to ADPase enhanced apyrase or derivatives may also be generated by one skilled in the art.

ADPase Enhanced Apyrase Nucleic Acids

The present invention relates the full length ADPase enhanced apyrase molecule as well as isolated fragments, oligonucleotides, and truncations maintaining biological activity, for example N-terminal deletions, C-terminal deletions, or deletions at both N and C-termini derived from, for example ADPase enhanced apyrases listed in Table 3 (Example 6). For example, a soluble form of CD39L3 comprising N-terminal and C-terminal deletions is represented in SEQ. ID. NO: 59 and the deduced amino acid sequences SEQ. ID. NO: 60. The present invention also related to allelic variants of ADPase enhanced apyrases as well as synthetic or mutated genes of ADPase enhanced apyrases that have been modified to change, for example, the expression or activity of the recombinant protein. It is also noted that degeneracy of the nucleic acid code can be considered variations in the nucleotide sequences that encode the same amino acid residues. Therefore, the embodiment of the present invention includes nucleic acid residues that are able to hybridize under moderately stringent conditions. One skilled in the art can determine effective combinations of salt and temperature to constitute a moderately stringent hybridization condition. The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors containing a nucleotide sequence encoding ADPase enhanced apyrase or fragments thereof. Recombinant vectors include but are not limited to vectors useful for the expression of the open reading frames (ORFs) in E. coli, yeast, viral, baculovirus, plants or plant cells, as well as mammalian cells. Suitable expression vectors for expression in a suitable host are known to one skilled in the art and appropriate expression vectors can be obtained from commercial sources or from ATCC. The recombinant vectors useful in the present invention include ORFs comprising ADPase enhanced apyrase or biological active derivatives inserted into vectors useful for the production of protein corresponding to ADPase enhanced apyrase. Useful embodiments include, for example, promoter sequences operably linked to the ORF, regulatory sequences, and transcription termination signals.

In addition, the present invention also comprises nucleic acid sequences that have been appropriately modified, for example, by site directed mutagenesis, to remove sequences responsible for N-glycosylation not needed for biological activity. N-glycosylation sites in eukaryotic peptides are characterized by the amino acid sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr where X is any amino acid except Pro. Modification of glycosylation sites can improve expression in for example yeast or mammalian cell cultures.

The present invention also related to nucleic acid that have been modified to improve the production and solubility of recombinant protein in a suitable host which includes, but is not limited to removing cysteine residues unnecessary for intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Cysteine residues may be changed by mutagenesis to another amino acid, for example serine, or removed from the sequence without affecting the biological activity or tertiary structure of the recombinant polypeptide.

Other modifications of the nucleic acids may be necessary to improve the stability and accumulation of the recombinant production of protein include but are not limited to mutations altering protease cleavage sites recognized by a suitable expression host. Such modifications can be made that will not adversely affect the biological activity or tertiary structure of the recombinant protein.

Additional modifications can be made to the nucleic acids that result in alterations in enzyme activity, substrate specificity, and/or biological activity. Such modifications may be preconceived based on specific knowledge relating to the protein or may be introduced by a random mutagenesis approach, for example error prone PCR. Additionally, it is also envisioned that one skilled in the art could generate chimeric nucleotide sequence comprising specific domains that can functionally replace stretches of nucleotide sequences that may add new function or improve the specificity or activity of the produced recombinant protein. For example, the nucleotide sequence comprising the catalytic region of ADPase enhanced apyrase may be functionally replaced with a nucleotide sequence from an ortholog or homolog of ADPase enhanced apyrase thereby conferring improved or novel function. Modification resulting in changed biological activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases may be necessary to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of the protein or to minimize potential side effects. Modification of the nucleic acid sequences can also be made that alter potential immunogenic sites that may result in allergic reactions to patients' administered with recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrase protein.

Silent modifications can be made to the nucleic acids that do not alter, substitute or delete the respective amino acid in the recombinant protein. Such modification may be necessary to optimize, for example, the codon usage for a specific recombinant host. The nucleotide sequence of ADPase enhanced apyrase can be modified to replace codons that are considered rare or have a low frequency of appropriate t-RNA molecules to a more suitable codon appropriate for the expression host. Such codon tables are known to exist and are readily available to one skilled in the art. In addition, silent modification can be made to the nucleic acid that minimizes secondary structure loops at the level of mRNA that may be deleterious to recombinant protein expression.

Expression Systems Useful for Production of ADPase Enhanced Apyrases

The present invention also provides for recombinant cloning and expression vectors useful for the production of biologically active ADPase enhanced apyrases. Such expression plasmids may be used to prepare recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids in a suitable host organism. Suitable host organisms for the production of ADPase enhanced apyrase and functional derivatives include but are not limited to bacteria, yeast, insect cells, mammalian cells, plants and plant cells. In addition, cell free systems may also be employed for the production of recombinant proteins. One skilled in the art can readily prepare plasmids suitable for the expression of recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases in the suitable host organism. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors are readily available to one skilled in the art and can be obtained from commercial sources or from the ATCC.

The recombinant protein can be produced in the within the host cell or secreted into the culture medium depending on the nature of the vector system used for the production of the recombinant protein. Generally plasmids useful for the expression of the recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases comprise necessary operable linked regulatory elements such as a promoter sequence (including operators, enhancers, silencers, ribosomal binding sites), transcriptional enhancing sequences, translational fusions to signal peptides (native or heterologous) or peptide sequences useful for the purification of recombinant protein (for example His Tag, FLAG, MBP, GST), transcription termination signals and poly adenylation signals (if necessary).

It may also be necessary for the recombinant plasmid to replicate in the host cell. This requires the use of an origin of replication suitable for the host organism. Alternatively, the recombinant expression plasmid may be stably integrated into the host's chromosome. This may require homologous recombination or random integration into the host chromosomes. Both instances require the use of an appropriate selection mechanism to distinguish transformed host cells from non-transformed host cells. Useful selection schemes include the use of, for example, antibiotics (for example, G418, Zeocin®, kanamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, spectinomycin, ampicillin), complementation of an auxotroph (for example Trp-, DHFR-), and scorable markers (for example β-glucoronidase, β-galactosidase, Green Fluorescent Protein).

Expression systems useful in the present invention include yeast systems particularly suitable for expression of human secretory proteins. For example the yeast expression system based on Kluyveromyces lactis has been particularly successful for the recombinant production of human secretory proteins (Fleer, R., et al., Gene (1991) 107:285-295; Fleer, R., et al., Biotechnology (1991) 9:968-997). Plasmid vectors particularly useful for the transformation and expression of protein in recombinant K. lactis have been descried (Chen, X-J., Gene (1996) 172:131-136). Other yeast expression systems based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris or Pichia methanolica may also be useful for the recombinant production of ADPase enhanced apyrase. For example, P. pastoris modified for the production of human glycoprotein (Hamilton, S. R., et al., Science (2003) 301:1244-1246). Expression plasmids suitable for the expression of ADPase enhanced apyrases in S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris, or P. methanolica may be obtained from a commercial source or ATCC. Plasmids described above may also be modified by one skilled in the art to optimize, for example, promoter sequences and or secretion signals optimal for the host organism and recombinant production of ADPase enhanced apyrases. Established methods are also available to one skilled in the art for introducing recombinant plasmid into the yeast strains.

Expression of recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases in mammalian cell culture is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention. There are a wide variety of mammalian cell lines available to one skilled in the art. The most widely used and most successful mammalian expression system is based on a dhfr- (dihydrofolate reductase) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line along with a suitable expression plasmid containing the dhfr gene and suitable promoter sequence. The cells may be transfected for transient expression or stable expression of the protein of interest. Other factors for the production of foreign protein in mammalian cells including regulatory considerations have been reviewed (Bendig, M., Genetic Engineering (1988) 7:91-127). A particularly useful mammalian expression system for production recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrase is based on the EF-1α promoter (Mizushima, S., and Nagata, Nucleic Acids Res (1990) 18:5322) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell line (Chen, P., et al., Protein Expression and Purification (2002) 24:481-488). Variants of the commercially available CHO and 293T cells lines and their suitable growth and expression media may be used to further improve protein production yields. Variants of commercially available expression vectors including different promoters, secretion signals, transcription enhancers, etc., may also be used to improve protein production yields.

Another expression system useful in the present invention includes expression in E. coli. E. coli expression of therapeutic proteins can represent significant commercial advantages based on manufacturing costs versus production in mammalian cells. There are several expression systems known to one skilled in the art for production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. Expression of mammalian protein in E. coli may not be particularly useful due to the fact that many mammalian proteins are post translationally modified by glycosylation or may contain intra or inter di-sulfide molecular bonds. However there are certain apyrase members (for example CD39L4, human Scan-1) that do not require post-translational glycosylation for enzymatic activity. Such apyrase enzymes are particularly suitable for expression in E. coli. Other advantages of E. coli expression may result from the expressed protein being deposited into inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies would simplify the protein purification process if a suitable protein refolding method is developed to recover active enzyme from the inclusion body. Particular E. coli expression plasmid useful in the present invention may include, for example, fusions with signal peptides to target the protein to the periplasmic space. Additionally, E. coli host strains that contain mutations in both the thioredoxin reductase (trxB) and glutathione reductase (gor) genes greatly enhance disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm (Prinz, W. A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:15661-15667). The addition of thioredoxin fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of ADPase enhanced apyrase may also aid in the production of soluble protein in E. coli cells. (LaVallie, E. R., et al., Bio/Technology (1993) 11:187-193).

Other expression systems known in the art may also be employed for the production of active ADPase enhanced apyrase and include but are not limited to baculovirus expression (Luckow, V., Curr Opin Biotechnol (1993) 5:564-572) or the production of recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases in a plant leaf or seeds, for example corn seeds.

Purification of biologically active ADPase enhanced apyrases may be purified from the recombinant expression system using techniques known to one normally skilled in the art. Expression of the ADPase enhanced apyrases protein can either be intracellular, inclusion bodies, or secreted in the media fraction. Secretion of ADPase enhanced apyrases into the media (for example, protein free or chemically defined) simplifies protein purification and is the preferred embodiment in the present invention. Expression of intracellular ADPase enhanced apyrases requires disruption of the cell pellets by any convenient method including freeze-thaw, mechanical disruption, sonication, or use of detergents or cell lysing enzymes or agents. Following disruption or concentration of secreted protein, purification of ADPase enhanced apyrases can be accomplished by a number of methods known to one skilled in the art. For example, commercially available affinity chromatography may be used to purify recombinant ADPase enhanced apyrases fusions with affinity tags such as: 6XHIS, FLAG, GST, or MBP. In addition, antibodies specific to ADPase enhanced apyrases may be used for affinity purification. In addition, matrices chemically modified with a ligand having strong affinity to ADPase enhanced apyrases as a substrate mimic may also be used for affinity purification. ADPase enhanced apyrases may also be purified with the use of an affinity tag or antibodies following conventional protein purification methods know to one skilled in the art.

The desired degree of purity of ADPase enhanced apyrases must also be taken into consideration. For application involving administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases in vivo, highly purified ADPase enhanced apyrases are desirable. Most preferable purification of ADPase enhanced apyrases should result in no detectable band corresponding to other (non-ADPase enhanced apyrases) polypeptides on a silver stained SDS-Page gel. It should also be noted that depending on the recombinant expression system used other bands corresponding to ADPase enhanced apyrases may be visible. This may be due to alterations in protein glycosylation, internal ribosome initiation, post-translation modification and the like.

Methods for In Vitro and In Vivo Validation of ADPase Enhanced Apyrase Efficacy

Biochemical function of ADPase enhanced apyrases or derivatives may be assessed by numerous methods available to one skilled in the art. For example, ATPase and ADPase enzyme activities of purified soluble ADPase enhanced apyrases can be determined at 37° C. in a 1 ml solution containing 8 mM CaCl₂, 200 μM substrate (ATP for ATPase or ADP for ADPase), 50 mM imidazole, and 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 (Picher, et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. (1988) 51:1453). The reaction can be stopped and inorganic phosphate released can be measured by addition of 0.25 ml of malachite green reagent (Baykov, et al., Anal. Biochem. (1988) 171:266). Based on the spectrophotometric analysis at 630 nm, one unit of ATPase (or ADPase) corresponds to release of 1μ mole of inorganic phosphate/min at 37° C. Key kinetic constants for the enzyme such as K_(m) and k_(cat) may be obtained by fitting data into, for example, a Michaelis-Menten equation. Other assays useful for monitoring biochemical function include, but are not limited to, a radiometric assay, a HPLC assay both described by Gayle III, et al. (J. Clin Invest. (1998) 101:1851-1859) or a radio-TLC assay described by Marcus, A. J., et al. (J. Clin Invest. (1991) 88:1690-1696).

Biological function of ADPase enhanced apyrases or derivatives may be assessed by ex vivo methods as well as in vivo methods. Ex vivo methods useful for monitoring the biological function of ADPase enhanced apyrases and derivatives include, for example, platelet aggregation assays (Pinsky, D. J., et al., J. Clin Invest. (2002) 109:1031-1040; Ozaki, Y, Sysmex J. Int (1998) 8:15-22).

In vivo methods useful for assessing the biological functions of ADPase enhanced apyrases and derivatives include, but are not limited to, murine stroke model measuring bleeding time, infarction volume, blood flow, neurological deficit, intracerebral hemorrhage, and mortality (Pinsky, D. J., et al., supra; Choudhri, T. F., et al., J. Exp. Med. (1999) 90:91-99), murine lung ischemia/reperfusion model (Fujita, T., et al., Nature Med. (2001) 7:598-604), baboon model of reperfused stroke (Huang, J., et al., Stroke (2000) 31:3054-3063), cd39^(−/−) mice (Pinsky, D. J., et al., J. Clin Invest. (2002) 109:1031-1040) and Yorkshire-Hampshire Pig model (Maliszewski, C. R., et al., PCT WO 00/23094 (2000)) and rabbit model (Herbertm, J-M., et. al., Thromb Haemost (1998) 80:512-518; Fishman, J. et. al., Lab Invest (1975) 32:339-351; Sarembock, et. al., Circulation (1989) 80: 1029-1040) of PCI. Other methods may be known to one skilled in the art for assessing the biological function of ADPase enhanced apyrases and derivatives as a thromboregulator.

Therapeutic Compositions of ADPase Enhanced Apyrases

The present invention provides compositions comprising a biologically effective amount of ADPase enhanced apyrase polypeptide or biologically active derivative in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage. Therapeutic composition of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivative may be administered clinically to a patient before symptoms, during symptoms, or after symptoms. After symptom administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivates may occur, for example, between 0 and 48 hours after the onset of stroke. Administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives to achieve therapeutic effect may be given by, for example, bolus injection, continuous infusion, sustained release, or other pharmaceutically acceptable techniques. Certain clinical situations may require administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives as a single effective dose, or may be administered daily for up to a week or a much as a month or more. Ideally ADPase enhanced apyrases will be administered to patients in a pharmaceutically acceptable form containing physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. Such diluents and excipients may be comprised of neutral buffered saline solution, antioxidants (for example ascorbic acid), low molecular weight polypeptides (for example polypeptides≦10 amino acids) amino acids, carbohydrates (for example, glucose, dextrose, sucrose, or dextrans), chelating agents such as EDTA, stabilizers (such as glutathione). Additionally, cosubstrates for the ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives, for example, calcium (Ca²⁺) may be administered at time of dosage for maximal activity of the enzyme. Such carriers and diluents will be nontoxic to the patient at recommended dosages and concentrations. It is also envisioned in the present invention that ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives may be administer with other agents that synergistically enhance the benefit of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives alone. For example, it is envisioned that administration of other antiplatelets or anticoagulants, such as aspirin, heparin or bivalirudin with ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivative may have additional benefits such as improve reperfusion, extend therapeutic time window, prevent reocclusion, and prevent microvascular thrombosis. It is also envisioned that administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives may improve efficacy and lower the effective dosage of thrombolytics (Activase®, TNKase™, vampire bat plasminogen activator, urokinase, streptokinase, staphylokinase, and ancrod). It is still further envisioned in the present invention that operable fusion polypeptides between, for example, and ADP enhanced apyrase and thrombolytic (for example, TNKase) may provide an ideal therapeutic solution for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Thrombosis also has a proinflammatory component whereby biologically functional substances are synthesized by interactions between platelets and neutrophils (In: Inflammation: Basic principles and clinical correlates, 3rd ed., Gallin, J. I., and Snyderman, R. (1999) pp. 77-95). Activation of platelets releases ADP as well as ATP. It has been demonstrated that extracellular ATP induces secretion of pro-inflammatory interferon-7 and IL-2 (Langston, H., et al., J. Immunol. (2003) 170:2962-2970). Recent studies show that CD39 on Langerhans cells modulates inflammation and immunity in the skin (Granstein, R., Nature Medicine (2002). 8:336-338). Therefore the ATPase activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives may indirectly lower inflammatory and/or immune responses at sites of vascular injury and provide a clinical benefit to patients receiving such treatment.

In adrenergic nerves, ATP and norepinephrine are stored together in vesicles, and both are released in parallel during neurotransmission. Excessive norepinephrine release is a major cause of ischemic cardiac dysfunction and reperfusion arrhythmias which can precipitate sudden cardiac death (Levi, R., and Smith, N., J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2000) 292:825-830). Hydrolysis of ATP released by sympathetic nerve endings lead to inhibition of norepinephrine release (Sesti, C., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 300:605-611). Hence, ATPase activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases may provide cardioprotective effect and prevent fatal arrhythmia for patients receiving such treatment.

Certain clinical situations may require the slow and prolonged release of biologically active ADPase enhanced apyrases or biological derivatives. Such situations may require the sequestrations of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biological derivatives in, for example, hydrogel or other pharmaceutically acceptable polymerizable gels. Additionally, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be added to prolong the blood half-life to increase efficacy of a soluble ADPase enhanced apyrases. In the case where ADPase enhanced apyrases is used as a preventative medication, this may allow for single-bolus dose administration to maintain protective effects of ADPase enhanced apyrases for longer periods. Other protein modifications to alter protein half-life include, for example, albumin conjugation, IgG fusion molecules and altering of the proteins glycosylation pattern.

It is also envisioned in the present invention that certain medical procedures or instances may require inhibition of circulating ADPase enhanced apyrase activity. Such inhibitors could be, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable enzyme inhibitors (for example, ADP analogues), pharmaceutically acceptable calcium chelators, antibodies specific to ADPase enhanced apyrase. Other medical procedures could also include, for example, blood transfusions or platelet transfusions.

ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives are useful in any clinical situation where the hydrolysis of ATP and/or ADP to AMP is clinically beneficent including disease states where ATP and/or ADP concentrations are abnormally high. ADPase enhanced apyrases and biologically active derivatives are beneficial in clinical situations where platelets or activated platelets play an important role in disease progression, for example, tumor metastases (Bakewell, S. J., et al., PNAS (2003) 100:14205-14210).

Dosage requirements of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivatives may vary significantly depending on age, race, weight, height, gender, duration of treatment, methods of administration, biological activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases, and severity of condition or other clinical variables. Effective dosages may be determined by a skilled physician or other skilled medical personnel.

The clinical and biological effectiveness of the administered ADPase enhanced apyrases or biological derivative can be readily evaluated at given time intervals after administration. For example, administration of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biological derivatives should promote longer bleeding times in the setting where platelet count remains unchanged. Additionally, direct measurement of blood samples for enzyme activity of ADPase enhanced apyrases or biological derivative will also indicate presence of the molecule in the circulating blood. Based on precise sampling of blood samples coupled with methods known in the art for assessing biochemical function of ADPase enhanced apyrases the half life of the protein can be estimated. Additional clinically relevant assays for the presence of biologically active ADPase enhanced apyrases or biologically active derivative may also be envisioned.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have meanings commonly known to one ordinarily skilled in the art. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, suitable methods are described below and are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Other features and advantages of the invention will also be apparent from following the detailed description and claims of the invention.

In the following examples, various modified forms of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of various nucleotides are prepared. For convenience, these modified forms are listed below:

Protein Native Modification 8429 Sol CD39 — 8848 Sol CD39 H66G 8864 Sol CD39 H66A 8812 Sol CD39 H66G, S68R 8828 Sol CD39 H66A, S68R 8272 Sol CD39L3 — 8555 Sol CD39L3 R67A 8519 Sol CD39L3 R67G 8906 Sol CD39L3 R67A, T69R 8742 Sol CD39L3 R67G, T69R 9170 CD39 +linker + kringle 9173 CD39 +linker + kringle + R67A, T69R 9150 CD39L3 +linker + kringle 9124 CD39L3 +linker + kringle + R67G, T69R 9198 Sol SCAN-1 — 9267 Sol SCAN-1 L199S 9275 Sol SCAN-1 I252W 9279 Sol SCAN-1 E279S, D282F 9285 Sol SCAN-1 E334V, G338D

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of CD39

CD39 has been previously identified and cloned (Maliszerski, C. R., et. al., J. Immunol. (1994) 153:3574). Cloning of CD39 can be accomplished by numerous methods available to one skilled in the art. For example, total RNA or poly-A RNA can be purified from human tissues samples abundant in CD39 expression (for example placenta or spleen tissue) and used as a template for gene specific RT-PCR. Additionally, pre-made cDNA libraries can be purchased from commercial sources and PCR can be employed to amplify the CD39 cDNA directly. Still further, synthetic oligos can be constructed to create a synthetic gene for CD39 based on sequence information available for CD39 (Genbank accession # np_(—)001767). Additionally, full length cDNA clones can be obtained from, for example, the IMAGE clone consortium (which can be found on the web at: image.llnl.gov/).

The full length cDNA clone for CD39 was isolated by PCR from human placenta large insert cDNA library Lot 2060677 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) using the oligonucleotide primer CD39 5′B (FL) (SEQ. ID. NO: 1) and CD39 3′ (FL) (SEQ. ID. NO: 2). CD39 was cloned by combining 5 μl of library extract, 1 μl of CD39 5′B (FL) primer (100 ng), 1 μl of CD39 3′ (FL) primer (100 ng) and 50 μl PCR Supermix High Fidelity (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Thirty (30) cycles of PCR under the following conditions 94 C-30 sec, 55 C-30 sec, 72 C-1 min were performed.

Following PCR amplification the PCR product was directly subcloned in pGEM T-easy (Promega Madison, Wis.) and designated pAPT7948. The authenticity of the sequence of the cloned CD39 was confirmed (the second amino acid residue was changed from lysine to glutamine by introduction of the NcoI restriction enzyme site) to be identical to the sequence published in GenBank. (accession # np_(—)001767) (Matsumoto, M., et al., FEBS Lett. (1999) 453:335-340) by DNA sequence analysis using sequencing primers 39-1 through 39-10 (SEQ. ID. NOs: 3-12). The full length nucleotide sequence of CD39 is designated SEQ. ID. NO: 53 and the deduced amino acid sequence is designated SEQ. ID. NO: 54.

EXAMPLE 2 Cloning of CD39L3

CD39L3 has been determined to be an isozyme of CD39 that is preferably expressed in human brain tissue. Chadwick and Frischauf (Genomics (1998) 50:357-367) have studied the tissue distribution of several CD39 family members including CD39L3. Based on their observations it is clear that CD39L3 is predominately expressed in Human brain and pancreas tissues and represent preferred source material for cloning CD39L3. Other tissue sources useful for cloning CD39L3 include but are not limited to placenta, spleen, prostate, ovary, small intestine and colon.

Cloning of CD39L3 can be accomplished by numerous methods available to one skilled in the art. For example, total RNA or poly-A RNA can be purified from source tissues mentioned supra and used as a template for gene specific RT-PCR. Additionally, pre-made cDNA libraries can be purchased from commercial sources and PCR can be employed to amplify the CD39L3 cDNA directly. Still further, synthetic oligos can be constructed to create a synthetic gene for CD39L3 based on sequence information available for CD39L3 (Genbank accession # np_(—)001239). Additionally, full length cDNA clones can be obtained from, for example, the IMAGE clone consortium.

CD39L3 was cloned from the Large-Insert Human Brain cDNA Library (Clontech Palo Alto, Calif. Cat # HL5500u, Lot #1070483) by PCR using gene specific primers. An NcoI site was introduced at the translations start site for CD39L3 for convenient cloning into expression plasmids. CD39L3 was cloned by combining 5 μl of library extract, 1 μl of 5′ primer (100 ng), 1 μl of 3′ primer (100 ng) and 50 μl PCR Supermix High Fidelity (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Thirty (30) cycles of PCR under the following conditions 94 C-30 sec, 55 C-30 sec, 72 C-1 min were performed.

The full length CD39L3 clone was obtained in three separate PCR reactions. The 5′ portion of the gene was amplified with the primer CD39L3 5′FL (SEQ. ID. NO: 25) and primer L3-8 (SEQ. ID. NO: 36). The middle portion of the gene was amplified with primer L3-3 (SEQ. ID. NO: 31) and CD39L3 3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 28) and the 3′ end of the gene was amplified with primer L3-5 (SEQ. ID. NO: 33) and CD39L3 3′FL (SEQ. ID. NO: 27). Amplified products were cloned into pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and sequenced resulting in pAPT7894, pAPT7863, and pAPT7903 respectively. The full length cDNA was constructed using convenient restrictions sites located within the CD39L3 coding region and pGEM-T Easy resulting in the production of plasmid pAPT7949. The primers used for sequencing the CD39L3 gene are designated L3-1 through L3-10 (SEQ. ID. NOs: 29-38). The sequence of the cloned full length CD39L3 is shown as SEQ. ID. NO: 55 and the deduced amino acid sequence is shown as SEQ. ID. NO: 56. Based on the sequence results obtained, amino acid 496 was changed from valine to alanine based on the sequence deposited in Genbank (accession # np_(—)001239). Site directed mutagenesis may be used to change the amino acid back to valine.

EXAMPLE 3 Design and Cloning of a Soluble Form of CD39

The soluble form of CD39 (solCD39), generated by removing the N-terminal 37 amino acids and C-terminal 33 amino acids, has been previously described. (Gayle, R. B., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:1851-1859). pAPT7948 was used as a template for PCR to generate solCD39 using the PCR primers CD39 Sma 5′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 13) and CD39 Sma 3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 14). In order to facilitate cloning of solCD39 into vectors suitable for expression in mammalian cells (for example, CHO, COS, HEK293), a SmaI site was introduced in frame with the ATG translation initiation codon.

The PCR product was digested with SmaI and subcloned directly into pSP72 (Promega Madison, Wis.) resulting in plasmid pAPT 7987. The sequence of the soluble form of CD39 was re-confirmed. N-terminal translational fusions of solCD39 with, for example, secretion signals can be easily obtained by removing the solCD39 open reading frame by SmaI restriction enzyme digestion. The nucleotide sequence of the solCD39 is designated SEQ. ID. NO: 57 and the deduced amino acid sequence designated SEQ. ID. NO: 58. The plasmid pAPT7987 comprising solCD39 was also utilized for subsequent site directed mutagenesis studies described in Example 6.

EXAMPLE 4 Design and Cloning of a Soluble Form of CD39L3

The protein sequence of CD39L3 was analyzed by Swiss-Prot (Bairoch, A., and Apweiler, R., Nucleic Acids Res (2000) 28:45-48). The analysis indicated that CD39L3 has a transmembrane domain at both the N- and C-termini; also seven potential N-glycosylation sites were identified. Based on the analysis, a soluble form of CD39L3 was designed by removing the N-terminal 44 amino acids and the C-terminal 43 amino acids.

In order to facilitate cloning of CD39L3 into vectors suitable for expression in mammalian cells (for example, CHO, COS, HEK293), the soluble form of CD39L3 was modified by PCR to introduce a SmaI restriction site in frame with the ATG of soluble CD39L3 using PCR primers L3-Sma5′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 39) and L3-Sma3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 40). The resulting PCR product was cloned into the SmaI site of pSP72 (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and the sequence was reconfirmed resulting in plasmid pAPT7983. The nucleotide sequence of the sol-CD39L3 is designated SEQ. ID. NO: 59 and the deduced amino acid sequence designated SEQ. ID. NO: 60.

EXAMPLE 5 Identification of Key Amino Acid Residues for Nucleotide Specificity of Human CD39 Apyrase Family

Structure based sequence comparison between the ACR's of the human CD39 apyrase family members indicates that Lysine 18 of actin is replaced by arginine in NDPase members (for example NTPDase4, NTPDase5, NTPDase6) that would enhance interaction with the α- and β-phosphates (FIG. 3, Table 1). In contrast, Leucine 16 of actin is replaced by a glycine or serine at the analogous position in the members having high NDPase activity. A histidine or arginine was found in ACR1 of CD39, NTPase2 and CD39L3 which are active with ATP substitutes. This positively charged residue may interact with both β- and γ-phosphates. Based on the understanding of key residues involved in enzyme catalysis and substrate specificity determination, several site directed mutations were introduced to CD39 and CD39L3 (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Site directed mutants of ACR1 in CD39 and CD39L3 CD39 . . . IVLDAGSSHTSLYIY . . . CD39 H66G . . . IVLDAGSSGTSLYIY . . . CD39 H66A . . . IVLDAGSSATSLYIY . . . CD39 H66G S68R . . . IVLDAGSSGTRLYIY . . . CD39 H66A S68R . . . IVLDAGSSATRLYIY . . . CD39L3 . . . IVLDAGSSRTTVYVY . . . CD39L3 R67G . . . IVLDAGSSGTTVYVY . . . CD39L3 R67A . . . IVLDAGSSATTVYVY . . . CD39L3 R67G T69R . . . IVLDAGSSGTRVYVY . . . CD39L3 R67A T69R . . . IVLDAGSSATRVYVY . . .

EXAMPLE 6 Site Directed Mutagenesis of solCD39 and solCD39L3

Site directed mutagenesis was performed on solCD39 and solCD39L3 using the templates pAPT7987 and pAPT7987 respectively. Point mutations described in Example 5 (Table 2) were introduced using the quick change site directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) according to manufactures instructions. Four independent mutations were generated for both solCD39 and solCD39L3 (Table 2). Mutagenesis primers used to introduce the respective point mutations in solCD39 and solCD39L3 are identified in Table 3. Following site directed mutagenesis the sequence of the entire open reading frame of all the mutants generated were verified by DNA sequence analysis. The resulting clones generated by site directed mutagenesis along with their corresponding mammalian expression plasmid identification are listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Coding sequence and expression plasmids of wild type and mutant forms of solCD39 and solCD39L3. Base SEQ. ID. NO: Base Plasmid Mutagenesis Expression Expression Gene Plasmid Type Primers Nucleotide Peptide Plasmid/Protein Plasmid solCD39 pAPT7987 pSP72 — 57 58 pAPT8429/APT8429 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39 H66G pAPT8696 pSP72 15, 16 61 62 pAPT8848/APT8848 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39 H66A pAPT8698 pSP72 17, 18 63 64 pAPT8864/APT8864 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39 H66G S68R pAPT8701 pSP72 19, 20 65 66 pAPT8812/APT8812 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39 H66A S68R pAPT8702 pSP72 21, 22 67 68 pAPT8828/APT8828 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39L3 pAPT7983 pSP72 — 59 60 pAPT8272/APT8272 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39L3 R67A pAPT8468 pSP72 41, 42 69 70 pAPT8555/APT8555 3X Flag CMV 8 solCD39L3 R67G pAPT8459 pSP72 43, 44 71 72 pAPT8519/APT8519 3X Flag CMV 8 solCD39L3 R67A T69R pAPT8461 pSP72 45, 46 73 74 pAPT8906/APT8906 pSeqTag2 SrfI solCD39L3 R67G T69R pAPT8470 pSP72 46, 47 75 76 pAPT8742/APT8742 pSeqTag2 SrfI

EXAMPLE 7 Expression of Wild Type and Mutant Forms of solCD39 and solCD39L3

To test the in vitro and in vivo enzymatic properties of the various mutations in solCD39 and solCD39L3 the genes comprising the mutations were cloned into appropriate expression plasmids (Table 3, for example, 3×FLAG CMV8 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and pSEQTAG2a (Invitrogen Carlsbad, Calif.) suitable for the production of secreted recombinant protein in mammalian cells (for example, CHO and HEK293).

Specifically, solCD39L3 mutants R67A and R67G were translationally fused to a blunt ended Not I site of 3×FLAG CMV8 resulting in plasmids pAPT8555 and pAPT8519 respectively (Table 3). In addition to the Preprotrypsin secretion signal a 3×FLAG sequence was also translationally fused to the N-terminus of solCD39L3 R67A and solCD39L3 R67G.

To facilitate rapid cloning of the remaining open reading frames comprising wild type and mutant forms of solCD39 and solCD39L3, pSEQTAG2a (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) was modified by site directed mutagenesis (Quick Change, Stratagene, Carlsbad, Calif.) to introduce a SrfI restriction site in frame with the Igκ leader sequence (FIG. 7) using mutagenesis primers Seqtag2-srfA (SEQ. ID. NO: 51) and Seqtag2-srfB (SEQ. ID. NO: 52).

The SmaI fragment of the remaining solCD39 and solCD39L3 genes were translationally fused to the SrfI site in plasmid pSEQTAG2a SrfI. The resulting expression plasmids derived from the various cloning are listed in Table 3. Proper post translation processing of the secretory Igκ leader sequence in pSEQTAG2a SrfI will result in the fusion of four additional amino acids (D-A-P-G) to the N-terminus of the respective proteins.

EXAMPLE 8 Transient Transfection and Partial Purification of ADPase Enhanced Apyrases in HEK293T Cells

Expression plasmids listed in Table 3 were transfected into 293T cell lines (GenHunter, Nashville, Tenn.) in four 100 mm dishes using transfectant FuGene 6 (Roche) according to manufacturer's recommendations. Transfected cells were grown in DMEM medium, supplemented with 1% BCS, 1% MEM non-essential amino acids, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine. After 3 days growth, the conditioned medium (CM) was collected and the cell debris was removed by centrifugation. All the proteins in CM were harvested by centrifugation after 65% ammonium sulfate precipitation. The pellet was dissolved in 2.5 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, and desalted through EconoPac 10DG desalting column (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). Total 4 ml of desalted CM was loaded on a DEAE column and washed with 10 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 10 ml of 50 mM NaCl in the Tris buffer. SolCD39 (APT8429), solCD39L3 (APT8272) and mutants thereof were eluted with 10 ml of 300 mM NaCl in the Tris buffer. For platelet aggregation study, the buffer was exchanged by 1× Tris buffered saline (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).

The ADPase and ATPase activities of soluble ADPase enhanced apyrases were estimated by ADP and ATP hydrolysis assays using malachite green (Baykov, et al., Anal. Biochem. (1988) 171:266-270). Enzymatic analysis was initiated by the addition of 5 μl of the partially purified ADPase enhanced apyrases to 495 μl of a mixture containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 8 mM CaCl₂, and various concentrations of ADP or ATP. Following 30 minute incubation at 37° C., 50 μl of the reaction solution was mixed with 900 μl of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 50 μl of the malachite working solution. The inorganic phosphate released from the ADP or ATP reacts with the malachite working solution, resulting in a green color. Since the enzymatic activity of apyrases is proportional to the amount of the released inorganic phosphate, apyrase activity can be measured by monitoring the absorbance at 630 nm using an Agilent 8453 UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Agilent, Palo Alto, Calif.). The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction was determined by measuring the time course of the color development at a wavelength of 630 nm. Initial rates of ADP hydrolysis by the recombinant soluble CD39 were determined and kinetic constants were derived.

EXAMPLE 9 Determination of Kinetic Parameters of ADpase Enhanced Apyrases

Following partial purification kinetic parameters were determined for the various site directed mutants of CD39 (APT8429, APT8848, APT8864, APT8812, APT8828) and CD39L3 (APT8272, APT8555, APT8519, APT8906, APT8742) (Table 4). Based on the data presented in Table 4 there was noticeable improvement in the ratio of ADPase to ATPase ((V/K)^(ATP)/(V/K)^(ADP)) for APT8555, APT8742, APT8828, and APT8848. The mutations introduced into APT8906 resulted in a 5-fold increase in ADPase activity and a 4-fold increase in ATPase activity, while retaining a similar ratio ((V/K)^(ATP)/(V/K)^(ADP)) to the wild type enzyme (APT8272) indication that these mutation improved the overall catalytic performance of the enzyme. The mutation represented in APT8848 had an impoved V/K)^(ATP)/(V/K)^(ADP) resulting from a 2 fold reduction of ATPase activity with no change in ADPase activity. In the case of the double mutation represented in APT8742 ADPase activity was improved approximately 5 fold with a slight increase in ATPase activity. Similar to the APT8848 mutant, APT8828 displayed a slight increase in ADPase activity and slight decrease in ATPase activity resulting a ADPase enhanced apyrase compared to their wild type counterparts. Therefore to get full benefit of improved ratio of ADPase to ATPase ((V/K)^(ATP)/(V/K)^(ADP)) the mutations represented in APT8742, APT8848, and APT8828 are preferred. Its is also envisioned in the present invention that one skilled in the art may devise alternative amino acid substitutions and combinations of substitutions that may impact the ratio of ADPase to ATPase ((V/K)^(ATP)/(V/K)^(ADP)).

TABLE 4 Kinetic parameters of ADPase enhanced apyrases ATP ADP K_(m) (μM)^(ATP) V_(max) (×10⁻⁴ · s⁻¹)^(ATP) V_(max)/K_(m) K_(m) (μM)^(ADP) V_(max) (×10⁻⁴ · s⁻¹)^(ADP) V_(max)/K_(m) (V/K)^(atp)/(V/K)^(adp) APT8272 135.93 14.11 0.1038 134.09 4.67 0.0348 2.98 APT8555 257.20 10.42 0.0405 257.00 4.94 0.0192 2.11 APT8519 152.90 10.06 0.0658 281.80 5.64 0.0200 3.29 APT8906 10.00 4.40 0.4400 27.00 4.40 0.1630 2.70 APT8742 29.09 4.77 0.1639 46.42 6.26 0.1348 1.22 APT8429 3.48 0.25 0.0706 11.00 0.35 0.0315 2.24 APT8848 25.34 1.20 0.0473 32.14 0.90 0.0281 1.68 APT8864 52.51 3.18 0.0607 94.81 2.52 0.0266 2.28 APT8812 52.69 2.48 0.0470 90.22 1.48 0.0164 2.87 APT8828 45.87 2.38 0.0520 35.00 1.40 0.0401 1.30 These results are shown graphically in FIG. 8A.

EXAMPLE 10 Cloning of Kringle Domain With Linker Sequence

Human Plasminogen binds to fibrin clots via its Kringle domains at the N-terminal regions (Castellino, F. J., and McCance, S. G. CIBA Found Symp (1997) 212: 46-60). These Kringle domains are approximately 80 amino acids long and some if them possess lysine binding capability. Kringle 1 from human plasminogen has the highest lysine binding affinity and was cloned from human plasminogen to generate a C-terminal fusion with solCD39, solCD39L3 or mutants thereof. The human plasminogen cDNA (IMAGE Clone #453147) was used as a template for PCR amplification using primers Kringle 5′c (SEQ. ID. NO: 79) and Kringle 3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 80). To ensure that the Kringle 1 domain can fold independent of the fusion to solCD39, solCD39L3 or mutants thereof, a 20 amino acid linker domain was added in two successive PCR amplifications using primers Kringle 5′b (SEQ. ID. NO: 78) and Kringle 5′a (SEQ. ID. NO: 77) with Kringle 3′. The resulting PCR product was directly cloned into pGEM-T easy (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and fully sequenced resulting in plasmid pAPT8989. The nucleotide sequence of the linker domain and Kringle 1 is represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 81 and the deduced amino acid sequence represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 82.

EXAMPLE 11 Cloning of a Clot enhanced Apyrases

In order to generate C-terminal translational fusions with the linker plus Kringle 1 domain (pAPT8989), the termination codon for APT8429 (solCD39), APT8272 (solCD39L3), APT8742 (solCD39L3 R67G T69R), and APT8906 (solCD39L3 R67A T69R) was removed by site directed mutagenesis (Quick Change, Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) by introducing an in frame EcoRV site prior to the native termination codon. Table 5 lists the various template plasmids and resulting mutant plasmids generated by site directed mutagenesis.

TABLE 5 Apyrase plasmids mutated to remove the termination codon for C-termal fusions SEQ. ID. NO: Muta- Template Mutant genesis Nucleo- Pep- Gene Plasmid Plasmid Primers tide tide CD39 RV pAPT7987 pAPT8926 23, 24 83 84 CD39L3 RV pAPT7983 pAPT8359 49, 50 85 86 CD39L3 R67A pAPT8461 pAPT8916 49, 50 87 88 T69R RV CD39L3 R67G pAPT8470 pAPT8922 49, 50 89 90 T69R RV

Following mutagenesis the coding frames from the various mutants were excised from the respective plasmids using restriction enzyme EcoRV and cloned into EcoRV digested and calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) treated pAPT8989. Following successful translational fusion to the linker plus Kringle 1 of pAPT8989, the entire open reading frame of the apyrase translationally fused to linker plus Kringle 1 was excised using the restriction enzyme SmaI and cloned directly into SrfI and CIAP treated pSEQTag2 SrfI. The resulting plasmids generated are listed in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Clot enhanced apyrase plasmids generated by C-terminal translational fusion of Human Plasminogen Kringle 1 domain. Base Base Plasmid SEQ. ID. NO: Expression Expression Gene Plasmid Type Nucleotide Peptide Plasmid/Protein Plasmid Linker + Kringle pAPT8989 pGEM-T Easy 81 82 — — CD39 + Linker + Kringle pAPT9050 pGEM-T Easy 91 92 pAPT9170/APT9170 pSeqTag2 SrfI CD39L3 + Linker + Kringle pAPT9018 pGEM-T Easy 93 94 pAPT9150/APT9150 pSeqTag2 SrfI CD39L3 R67A T69R + pAPT9030 pGEM-T Easy 95 96 pAPT9173/APT9173 pSeqTag2 SrfI Linker + Kringle CD39L3 R67G T69R + pAPT9068 pGEM-T Easy 97 98 pAPT9124/APT9124 pSeqTag2 SrfI Linker + Kringle

EXAMPLE 12 Expression and Purification of Clot Enhanced Apyrases

Expression plasmids listed in Table 6 were transfected FreeStyle™ 293-F cell lines (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in 100 ml spinners using transfectant 293Fectin™ according to manufacturer's recommendations. Transfected cells were grown in FreeStyle™ 293 Expression Medium. After 3 days growth, the conditioned medium (CM) was collected and the cells were removed by centrifugation. The CM was 5-fold concentrated using Amicon Stirred Cells and Ultramembrane 10 kD MWCO. The concentrated CM was dialyzed against 1 L of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.4 at 4° C. overnight. Dialyzed CM was loaded on 10 ml of L-Lysine column (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4. After five volume of washing with the same buffer, non-specific bound proteins were washed with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.4/100 mM NaCl. Kringle domain fused apyrases were eluted with iX Tris buffered saline (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and 0.2M ε-amino-n-caproic acid (EACA).

EXAMPLE 13 Activity of Clot Enhanced Apyrases

ADPase activity of the soluble apyrases and their clot enhanced apyrases were measured using 4 μl (APT8272, APT9150, APT8742, APT9124) or 20 μl (APT8429, APT9170) of the desalted concentrated conditioned media (as described in Example 8) in assay buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 8 mM CaCl₂ and 0.1 mM ADP or 1 mM ADP. The assay was performed as described in Example 9. Based on the measured activities, all the clot enhanced apyrases retained comparable ADPase activity suggesting the Kringle domain linked to C-terminus of the soluble apyrases did not have a significant impact on enzymatic activity (FIG. 8B).

EXAMPLE 14 Platelet Aggregation Studies

Human blood was collected via plastic tubing using acid citrate-dextrose (38 mM citric acid; 75 mM sodium citrate; 135 mM glucose) as anticoagulant from the healthy donor who did not ingest acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) for the last week. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared with an initial whole blood centrifugation (200×g, 15 min, 25° C.), and a second centrifugation of the PRP (90×g, 10 min, 25° C.) to eliminate residual erythrocytes and leukocytes (Gayle, III, et al., J. Clinical Investigation (1998) 101:1851-1859).

PRP (containing 1.2−1.5×10⁸ platelets) was preincubated for 3 minutes at 37° C. in an aggregometer cuvette (Lumiaggregometer; Chrono-Log, Havertown, Pa.) alone or in combination with test samples containing solCD39 (APT8429), solCD39L3 (APT8272), solCD39L3 R67G T69R (APT8742) or solCD39L3 R67G T69R+linker+kringle (APT9124). Total volumes were adjusted to 300 μl with Tris-buffered saline. After the 3-min preincubation, ADP was added at the concentrations indicated and the aggregation response was recorded for 4-5 minutes.

The following experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADP enhanced apyrases for inhibiting and reversing ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Specifically, PRP was preincubated for 3 min followed by the addition of 1 μM, 2 μM, 5 μM or 10 μM ADP to verify that the platelet aggregation was ADP-dose dependent (FIG. 9). Following proper ADP induced platelet aggregation response, PRP was preincubated for 3 min followed by the addition of 15 μg of APT8272 or 4 μg of APT8742 or 1 μg of APT9124 and 5 μM ADP, demonstrating that platelet aggregation was strongly inhibited by all the enzymes preparations. Based on the platelet aggregation response curves it was estimated that ATP8742 and APT9124 were 4-fold and 15-fold more potent than APT8272, respectively (FIG. 10). In order to demonstrate dose depended inhibition of platelet activation, PRP was preincubated for 3 min followed by the addition of 0.4 μg, 1.2 μg, 2 μg or 6 μg of APT9124 and 10 μM ADP. This result demonstrated that platelet aggregation is dose-dependently and very strongly inhibited, and traces return to baseline (FIG. 11).

In order to demonstrate any potential pro-thrombotic effect from the ATPase activity, PRP was preincubated for 3 min followed by the addition of 15 μg APT8429, APT8272, APT8742 or APT9124 and 30 μM ATP. This experiment confirms that the platelet aggregation inhibitory activity was proportional to ADPase/ATPase ratio of the apyrases (FIG. 12). In another example, PRP was preincubated for 3 min followed by the addition of 4 μg of APT9124 and 10 μM ADP simultaneously added with 0 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM or 100 μM ATP. This experiment demonstrated in all cases that platelet aggregation was efficiently reversed by APT9124 in the presence of ADP and ATP and even totally reversed platelet aggregation by the addition of 300 μM ATP 5 minutes later indication that APT9124 strongly inhibits ATP-derived ADP induced platelet aggregation (FIG. 13).

EXAMPLE 15 90 Minute Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) Model Study of APT8742

The efficacy of APT8742 was studied in a rat, 90-minute temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model (Belayev, L., et al., Stroke (2003) 34:758-763). In the initial phase of the study, 24 male, Wistar rats weighing 300-340 grams were blindly randomized to vehicle with a dose of APT8742 of 1.5 mg/kg at 30 minutes after MCAO. The animals were anesthetized chloral hydrate for the MCAO surgery and this was maintained until reperfusion. The stroke model of MCAO temporary occlusion for 90 minutes was performed using the suture model. A coated 3-0 suture was inserted into the middle cerebral artery via the internal carotid artery and advanced until the tip of the suture was in the anterior cerebral artery. After 90 minutes the suture was withdrawn from the intracranial circulation. Temperature was maintained at 37 degrees Celsius and blood pressure was monitored continuously. Arterial blood gases were sampled at baseline and at 90 minutes after MCAO. After withdrawing the suture and discontinuing the anesthesia, the animals were allowed to recover and returned to the main animal medicine facility for overnight monitoring. At 24 hours after MCAO, the animals were evaluated with the Zea Longa neurological assessment scale and then sacrificed under deep chloral hydrate anesthesia. The brains were removed and stained with TTC for calculation of corrected infarct volumes. In the initial phase of the study, the treatment group was compared to the vehicle group used a 1-tailed paired t-test and in the study extension, the low-dose and vehicle groups were compared using this statistical approach.

The results of this initial phase of the study demonstrated that the infarct volume of the low-dose group had significantly lower smaller infarcts at 127.2 mm³ than controls, 179.3 mm³ with a p<0.05 (one tailed) (Table 7). The physiological variables showed no differences among the groups. The results of this study suggest that a low-dose (1.5 mg/kg) of APT8742 significantly reduces (>50% reduction in all responders) infarct volume by approximately 25-30% with no observable hemorrhage in the rat, temporary MCAO model. The results of this study suggest that APT8742 provides greater efficacy with a five fold lower therapeutic dosage than CD39.

TABLE 7 Reduction of infarct volume at 1.5 mg/kg dose of APT8742 in the rat temporary MCAO model Infarct volume Animal No. Vehicle (1x TBS) APT8742 (1.5 mg/kg) 1 155.7 173.9 2 116.2 68.1 3 159.6 262.9 4 145.3 148.6 5 165.4 231 6 148.2 46.6 7 323.8 46.9 8 135.4 62.9 9 161.2 85.2 10 219.8 95.2 11 230.6 91.2 12 190.8 214.4 Average 179.3 127.2

EXAMPLE 16 Cloning of Soluble Human Scan-1

A soluble version (generated by removal of the amino terminal 60 amino acids) of the Human SCAN-1 cDNA (gi: 22218108) was cloned by PCR directly from the IMAGE clone #1131402 (Image clone consortium (http://image.llnl.gov) using PCR primers Scan 5′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 99) and Scan 3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 100) resulting in plasmid pAPT9005. A SmaI and NcoI restriction enzyme recognition site were transitionally introduced into the soluble SCAN-1 PCR product in order to aid future cloning into suitable mammalian and E. coli expression plasmids. The nucleotide sequence of the soluble SCAN-1 cDNA is represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 117 and the deduced amino acid sequence represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 118. In order to aid future cloning of soluble SCAN-1 into E. coli expression plasmids an internal NcoI restriction enzyme site was removed by site directed mutagenesis (Quick Change, Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) from soluble scan using the mutagenesis primers Scan-NcoI (SEQ. ID. NO: 107) and Scan-Nco2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 108) resulting in plasmid pAPT9231. The nucleotide sequence of SCAN-1 (NcoI) mutant is represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 119 and the deduced amino acid sequence is represented as SEQ. ID. NO: 120.

EXAMPLE 17 Design of ADP Enhanced Human Scan-1

Human SCAN-1 is a nucleoside-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.6) preferring UDP, GDP and IDP as much as 20 to 100 fold over ADP and CDP. (Failer, et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 277:36978-36986; Smith, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2002) 406:105-115; Murphy, et al., Biochemistry (2003) 42:2412-2421). The Km values for GDP and ADP were estimated to be 0.46 mM and 5.4 mM, respectively (Murphy, et al., Biochemistry (2003) 42:2412-2421). Therefore to convert human SCAN-1 to ADPase enhanced apyrase, its substrate binding site should be designed to accommodate ADP.

With no crystal structure of human SCAN-1 or a related apyrase available, we examined (using DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer (Gues & Peitsch Electrophoresis (1997), 18:2714-2723; which can be found on the web at: www.expasy.org/spdbv) the physiochemical interaction between the nucleotide bases and protein residues surrounding the nucleotide bases bound to other proteins (for example, Phosphatases, Kinases and GTP binding proteins), whose structures were solved in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (which can be found on the web at: www.rcsb.org/pdb/index.html). Based on these studied of structures interaction with the purine and pyrimidine rings of the nucleotide bases, we observed the following:

The purine nucleotide ring (for example, guanine, inosine, adenine) has extra imidazole ring compared to the pyrimidine nucleotide ring (for example, uracil and cytosine), therefore the physical size of the nucleotide ring may cause discrepancy in the enzymes substrate preference.

Preferred substrates of UDP, GDP and IDP share a common cis-peptide bond in their pyrimidine nucleotide ring while the C4-keto group is replaced by a C4-amino group in the nucleotides ADP and CDP, therefore the enzymes substrate binding pocket, evolved to accommodate UDP, GDP and IDP, may not be preferable to binding ADP and CDP based on different hydrogen bonding interactions between the nucleotide bases and amino acid residues in the enzymes active site (FIG. 3).

Structural analysis of GDP or GTP binding proteins in the Protein Data Bank revealed that nucleotide guanine interacts with the protein through a series of hydrogen bonding interactions between two amino groups in the guanidine structure in the purine ring and the carboxyl group of an Aspartic acid of the protein (for example, human Ras protein or rat GTP-binding protein, FIGS. 14A, 14B).

Structural analysis of ADP or ATP binding proteins in the Protein Data Bank revealed that the nucleotide adenine interacts with the protein mostly through a single H-bonding interaction between adenine's C4-amino group and an appropriate proton acceptor group of the protein (for example, a hydroxyl group in arginine kinase FIG. 14C). Therefore apyrases may have replacement of Asp of GDPase s by very likely but not limited to Ser, Thr, Asn or Gln.

Structural analysis ADP binding proteins (for example, a yeast ATPase FIG. 14D) indicated that the adenine binding pocket of the protein preferably has an aromatic side chain residue, such as Phe, Tyr or Trp, within 4 Å distance contributing hydrophobic interaction with the purine and pyrimidine ring of the nucleotide base, therefore the aromatic residue will be conserved among known apyrases with ADP binding activity.

Based on the above considerations, we carefully analyzed two ClustalW multiple sequence alignment; first, the Human SCAN-1 aligned with its related proteins (for example, Phlebotomus apyrase, gi: 10443907; Cimex apyrase, gi: 4185746; Rat ER NDPase, gi: 21262131) (FIG. 15), and second Human SCAN-1 aligned with the Cimex apyrase (gi: 4185746) (FIG. 16). Notably, SCAN-1 shares 45% amino acid sequence identity with Cimex bed bug apyrase. Both enzymes are strictly dependent on Ca2+. However, the substrate specificities are strikingly different. The bed bug apyrase hydrolyzes ADP and ATP efficiently, whereas SCAN-1 hydrolyzes UDP, GDP, and IDP 20-50 fold faster than ADP and CDP and hydrolyzes ATP only to a very small extent (Murphy, D., et al., Biochemistry (2003) 42:2412-2421). Hence, the key residues determining nucleotide specificities can be identified by correct sequence alignment. Based on observation 4 above, a conserved serine or threonine residue (for example, Cimex S191) was identified in the blood sucking insect apyrases with a substrate specificity for ADP, while SCAN-1 and related enzymes with a substrate specificity preference of GDP and CDP maintained a leucine (for example, L199) at this position. Also based on observation 4, conserved Asp or Glu residues (for example SCAN-1 E279 or D282) that were conserved among SCAN-1 like enzymes were also candidates for engineering ADP specificity. Other amino acids such as glycine, cysteine or proline conserved in one group (for example SCAN-1 related enzymes) and not in the other group (for example, blood sucking insect apyrases) were studied due to their potential roles in forming the protein's three dimensional structure. Based on observation 5, aromatic residues that were conserved in apyrases (for example, blood sucking insect apyrases) and not in SCAN-1 were also potential candidates for engineering protein specificity due to the aromatic residues role for adenine ring binding. Following were the list of candidates came out from the analyses and numbers are of human SCAN-1. Residues for engineered human SCAN-1 were selected from counter residues in, for example the Cimex apyrase; leucine 199 vs. serine 191 in for Cimex apyrases (adenine binding); isoleucine 252 vs. tryptophan 244 in Cimex apyrases (adenine binding); glutamine 279 vs. serine 271 in Cimex apyrases (possible H-bonds for guanidine binding); aspartate 282 vs. phenylalanine 274 in Cimex apyrases (possible H-bonds for guanidine binding); Glu334 vs. valine 327 in Cimex apyrases (possible H-bonds for guanidine binding); Gly338 vs. aspartate 331 in Cimex apyrases (important structural change).

These mutations identified can be introduced into SCAN-1 as individual point mutations or in various combinations. Also one skilled in the art may recognize other amino acid substitutions that will have similar effects on altering the substrate specificity of SCAN-1 from GDP, CDP, and UDP to ADP.

EXAMPLE 18 Mutagenesis of Human Scan-1

Site directed mutagenesis (Quick Change, Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) was performed on soluble Human Scan-1 using pAPT9231 as a template. The point mutations described in Example 21 were introduced into soluble SCAN-1 as described in Table 8. Following site directed mutagenesis the sequence of the entire open reading frame of all the mutants generated was verified by DNA sequence analysis. The resulting clones generated by site directed mutagenesis and their corresponding mammalian expression plasmids are identified in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Coding sequence and mammalian expression plasmids of wild type and mutant forms of soluble SCAN-1. Base SEQ. ID. NO: Base Plasmid Mutagenesis Expression Expression Gene Plasmid Type Primers Nucleotide Peptide Plasmid/Protein Plasmid sol SCAN-1 pAPT9005 pGEM-T Easy — 117 118 pAPT9198/APT9198 pSeqTag2 SrfI sol SCAN-1 pAPT9241 pGEM-T Easy 109, 110 121 122 pAPT9267/APT9267 pSeqTag2 L199S SrfI sol SCAN-1 pAPT9246 pGEM-T Easy 111, 112 123 124 pAPT9275/APT9275 pSeqTag2 I252W SrfI sol SCAN-1 pAPT9247 pGEM-T Easy 113, 114 125 126 pAPT9279/APT9279 pSeqTag2 E279S, D282F SrfI sol SCAN-1 pAPT9256 pGEM-T Easy 115, 116 127 128 pAPT9285/APT9285 pSeqTag2 E334V, G338D SrfI

EXAMPLE 19 Expression of Human Scan-1

In order to test the in vitro enzymatic properties of the engineered soluble SCAN-1 clones, 30 μg of mammalian expression plasmid DNA (Table 8) were transfected into 293T cells (GenHunter, Nashville, Tenn.) in four 100 mm dishes using the transfectant FuGene 6 (Roche) according to manufacturer's recommendations. Transfected cells were grown for three days in DMEM medium, supplemented with 1% BCS, 1% MEM non-essential amino acids, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine. Following growth, the conditioned medium (CM) was collected and the cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The protein in CM was harvested by centrifugation following 65% ammonium sulfate precipitation. The protein pellet was dissolved in 2.5 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, and desalted through EconoPac 10DG desalting column (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) resulting in approximately 4 ml of collected desalted extract resulting in approximately 5-fold concentration of the secreted soluble SCAN-1 enzymes. The samples were stored at 4° C. until assayed (Example 24).

EXAMPLE 20 Activity of Human Scan-1

NDPase activity of the soluble wild type and soluble engineered human SCAN-1 proteins were measured with 10 μl (wild type, APT9279, APT9285) or 5 μl (APT9267, APT9275) of the concentrated conditioned media in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing 8 mM CaCl₂ and 1 mM ADP, 1 mM ATP, 1 mM GDP, 1 mM CDP, or 1 mM UDP. The assay was performed as described in Example 9.

Based on the initial enzymatic analysis, ADPase activity was estimated to be improved in the engineered SCAN-1 enzymes ATP9285 (E334V & G338D), APT9267 (L199S), and APT9275 (1252W) by 4-fold, 32-fold and 46-fold, respectively (FIG. 17). Due to the sensitivity of the colorimetric assay method employed, ADPase activity of ATP9275 was re-measured with a 10-fold dilution of the enzyme resulting in at least a 100-fold improvement of ADPase activity compared to wildtype. These results of the engineered SCAN-1 support the rationale that adenine binding may be improved by hydrogen bond formation (L199S) or by hydrophobic interactions (1252W).

Detectable ATPase activity was also observed in the engineered SCAN-1 APT9267 and APT9275. UDP and GDPases activities of the engineered SCAN-1 enzymes remained comparable (APT9285) or better (APT9267, APT9275) then the wild type enzyme. APT9279 has slightly poorer enzyme performance compared to the wild type enzyme. Individual point mutations, for example E279S, D282F, E334V, and G338D may be studied to assess the implications of single point mutations on ADP, ATP, CDP, GTP and UTP binding.

The effect of pH on enzyme activity was also studied with APT9267 and APT9275 at human blood physiological pH (pH 7.4) versus the reported optimal pH for the wild type enzyme (pH 6.5). Both SCAN-1 mutants APT9267 and APT9275 had >95% activity at the preferred physiological pH 7.4. Based on the preliminary enzymatic analysis, the human SCAN-1 mutant apyrases, for example, APT9267 and APT9275 are candidates as anti-platelet agents useful for preventing or reversing platelet activation in human blood compared. Additional kinetic studies may be employed to measure K_(m) and V_(max) of the SCAN-1 mutants.

EXAMPLE 21 Cloning, Expression and Activity of Soluble CD39L4

The soluble form (deletion of N-terminal 19 amino acids) of CD39L4 (solCD39L4), was cloned from normal Human kidney cDNA (ResGen D8070-01, Lot PX1091901) by PCR using the primers CD39L4-SMA 5′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 129) and CD39L4-SMA 3′ (SEQ. ID. NO: 130). The resulting PCR product was digested with SmaI and subcloned directly into pSP72 (Promega Madison, Wis.) resulting in plasmid pAPT7980. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned solCD39L4 was determined using sequencing primers CD39L4 1-10 (SEQ. ID. NOs: 131-140). The nucleotide sequence is reported as SEQ. ID. NO: 141 and the deduced amino acid sequence reported as SEQ. ID. NO: 142.

The SmaI fragment solCD39L4 was translationally fused to the SrfI site of pSEQTAQ2SrfI resulting in plasmid pAPT8214. The plasmid was transfected into HEK293T cells and activity measured as in Example 8. Based on the activity measured for APT8214 (FIG. 18) it was determined that the solCD39L4 has a strong preference for GDP over ADP. Protein engineering may be employed to alter the substrate specificity of solCD39L4 from GDP to ADP. 

1. An ADPase enhanced apyrase, which ADPase enhanced apyrase is a modified form of a native apyrase wherein said modification results in increased ADPase activity; or substantially the same ADPase activity combined with decreased ATPase activity as compared with the native apyrase.
 2. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 that has increased ADPase activity and either substantially the same ATPase activity or decreased ATPase activity compared to the native apyrase.
 3. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 wherein the native apyrase that is modified is CD39, CD39L1, CD39L2, CD39L3, CD39L4, or SCAN-1 or a soluble form or fusion protein form thereof.
 4. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 wherein the native apyrase is a member of the CD39 isoenzyme family and the modified form has modifications between positions 44 and 238 of CD39L3 or the corresponding positions in other members of the family.
 5. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 4 wherein said modified form contains modifications in apyrase conserved region (ACR) 1 and/or ACR4 or in the sequence between ACR4 and ACR5.
 6. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 wherein said modified form comprises an amino acid substitution at position 67 or position 69 or both of human CD39L3 or positions corresponding thereto in an isoenzyme of human CD39L3.
 7. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 wherein the native apyrase is SCAN-1 and the modified form comprises one or more amino acid substitutions of an amino acid residue identified as corresponding to a conserved residue in a homologous apyrase with specificity for ADP.
 8. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 7 which comprises an amino acid substitution at any, some or all positions 199, 252, 279, 282, 334 and 338 or both of human SCAN-1 or at a position corresponding thereto in an isoenzyme of human SCAN-1.
 9. The ADP enhanced apyrase of claim 8 which comprises an amino acid substitution at position 199 or position 252 or both of human SCAN-1 or at a position corresponding thereto in an isoenzyme of human SCAN-1.
 10. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 which is in the form of a fusion protein comprising a targeting region.
 11. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 10 wherein said targeting region is reactive with thromboses.
 12. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 11 wherein said targeting region is the kringle region of human plasminogen.
 13. The ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 which is selected from the group consisting of APT8742, APT9124, APT9267 and APT9275.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises the ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. A method to inhibit platelet aggregation which method comprises contacting a system in which platelet aggregation occurs with the ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
 16. A method to ameliorate thrombosis in a subject which method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the ADPase enhanced apyrase of claim 1 of a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
 17. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the ADP-enhanced apyrase of claim 1 or a nucleotide sequence that is the complement thereto.
 18. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 17 which further includes a control sequence operably linked to the nucleotide sequence described in claim 1 so as to effect its expression.
 19. Recombinant host cells modified to contain the nucleic acid of claim
 17. 20. A method to produce an ADPase enhanced apyrase which method comprises culturing the cells of claim 19 under conditions wherein said apyrase is produced.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 17 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. A method to inhibit platelet aggregation which method comprises contacting a system in which platelet aggregation occurs with the nucleic acid molecule of claim 17 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
 23. A method to ameliorate thrombosis in a subject which method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 17 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
 24. A method to prepare an ADPase enhanced apyrase which method comprises modifying the native form of an apyrase so as to increase ADPase activity and/or decrease ATPase activity.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein said modifying is of an ecto-NTPase and wherein the modification is to at least one amino acid in the region between amino acid 44 and amino acid 238 in CD39L3 or between corresponding positions in another ecto-NTPase.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said modification is at least one amino acid in ACR1 and/or ACR5 and/or the region between ACR4 and ACR5 thereof. 